Derek Liu

DEREK LIU ENGLISH TEAM †¢ ? Sir , blue-blooded ,? Sir , †¢ , , , 04? Sir ,! †¢ 2011-12 DSE †¢ DSE ( Level 5 7. 6%),Derek Liu English Team 324? Level 5/5*/5** , 5 ! †¢ 2010 Derek Liu English Team 405? Level 5/5* ,Level 4 410? ,!! 2010 3 10A Sir †¢ , , †¢ Sir Beat 334 Paper 3 Listening? HKDSE Beat Paper 1 Reading? Super Word Power , ,? 5! †¢ 04-09 , (05-06 ) (06-07 ) , Sir †¢ 05? 06 3 10A Sir ,? 07 ?1? 5A Sir , Sir †¢ 2002 Sir , , 03-05 (SWA) 02 WHY DEREK ? 1 2 DSE ( Level 5 7. 6%),Derek Liu English Team 324? Level 5/5*/5** ( Paper ), 5! DSE ( P. 4),08 CE Paper 1B Q. 2 (? ),09 UE Section B Q. 3 ( ),10 CE Paper 1B Q. 2 (YouTube/Facebook),11UE Section B Q. 2 (Social Responsibility), ,! 3 W H Y D E R E K ’s C a p t u r e 1 ! 2 3 ! ! Plan A (Paper 1 + 2 = 4? ) Plan B (Paper 3 + 4 = 4? ) Derek Liu English Team , , , , ! ( ) ? 8 600 , , ?600 , , Sir? , , ,! , 100% Sir ,Capture ? , ,! Regular Course , Capt ure DSE Capture ,! 2008 2009 2010 2012 ! 03 DEREK LIU ENGLISH TEAMVivien Chan @ St. Rose of Lima’s College I am glad that I’ve chosen Derek as my English tutor, who helped me to get 5* in HKDSE English subject. Not only did he spend a lot of time and effort in preparing the teaching materials, he also taught very well, in which he gave us a lot of extra information and exercises. Thank you Derek, for improving my English signi? cantly with the wide range of vocabularies and language pattern! Sonia Tam @ Marymount Secondary School Thank you for the skills! They are very practical and useful! Thank you! Leung Ling Sum @ Belilios Public SchoolWith Derek’s professional teaching and logical analysis of various examination question types, I got a more in-depth understanding of different answering tactics. Thanks Derek. P Oh, and I really did appreciate the colorful notes. .S. Ng Wai Ka @ Ho Yu College and Primary School Derek is a great teacher who teaches us whole heartedly with well-designed notes. In fact, he not only teachers, but also inspires – through Facebook. Although there is no live teaching, his every lesson never disappointed me. @ Liu Sir Eng Vocab Oral Writing Liu Sir Sentence Structur Thanks! @Monthly Feature Listening Practice – Karen Wong @ Good Hope School I have been Mr. Liu’s student for half a year. In the beginning, I thought that taking an English tutorial is not as useful and effective as what the school has done, because language cannot be improved within merely a year, it’s something about whether you got a strong foundation or not. But after attending Mr. Liu’s class, I found that there are more to learn in his lesson. Wording structure, dif? cult word phrases, vocabularies, all of which help to strengthen my language base. I feel more con? dent to write, and to speak, as well.His notes are comprehensive, in a sense that they cover all areas in English Language. Thank you, Mr. Liu, and your team, for all your hard work and preparation. I appreciate all your efforts to us. Thanks. @ Capture A (Plan A + Plan B) Paper 2 Law writing logic Law Essay Wish you forever success in tutorial industry and produce countless students with brilliant exam results! Writing Wong Lik Chi @ Munsang College Your notes are always found useful, clear and inspiring! Before I joined your listening intensive courses, I had failed in listening exam in school; after I had joined your courses, I got a 5* in listening.Thanks a lot! Derek! Lau Hon Yiu @ Queen’s College 5* Derek Sir Thank you very much Facebook Fu Ho Cheung @ Cheung Sha Wan Catholic Secondary School Derek Liu 5** Derek Liu Derek Liu 04 DSE Capture by Derek Plan A Paper 1 + 2 Plan B Paper 3 + 4 ,? Regular Course ,? Paper 1 ,Paper 2? , ?,! DSE 324 ? 5/5*/5**, ! 1. Paper 1 Mock Paper Set X + 2. 5** Sample Scripts for 8 Elective Modules ,? Regular Course ,? ,Paper 3 (2-3 ? ), + Paper 4 (5 ?), Conversational Strate gies! DSE 24 ? 5/5*/5**,! 1. Golden Ideas for Group Discussion 2. Group Discussion Samples (6 sets) 3. Individual Response Samples (10 sets) 2013 , ,! 3 DSE , ! 05 Plan A Paper1 Paper 1 + Paper 2 ?4? Reading (1. 5 lessons)  « 100% 2012 Past Paper! ?(Paper 1+2)!  « DSE!  « Poem Reading, , ,? ,!  « 1. 5 : (1) Guess meaning? (2) Pronoun Reference? (3) Information completion? (4) Blank-filling? (5) M. C. Cloze? (6) Sequencing? (7) Matching? (8) Summary Cloze? (9) Evidence quoting? 10) Openended questions? (11) Tone & Style? (12) Poem reading? (13) Underlying message? (14) Others  « , , 1. Mock Paper Set X,100% , Paper2 Writing (2. 5 lessons)  « Derek Liu English Team , 2. 5? !!  « 4 ? Short Tasks ( ), ?8 Short Task , examinable topics!  « 8 ? Long Tasks ( writing formats & writing types), Regular Course ?Writing Formulae, ,KO ! Sample Essays (50 pages! ) 06 2013 Plan A Paper2 ( ) Paper 1 + Paper 2 ?4? Writing (2. 5 lessons) / , 30? , ! This kind of obsc ene materials convey nothing but pornography addiction and casual sex. The big thing about Steve Jobs is not his genius or his charisma but his extraordinary risk-taking and innovation. Lady Gaga In Lady Gaga’s new MV ‘Telephone’, she just pranced around almost completely naked. The video was disgusting and full of raunchiness. Steve Jobs redefined the music business through the iPod, the cellphone business through the iPhone and the entertainment and media world through the iPad. Steve Jobs 5 ! ,ElectiveModules,Regular Course ! †¢ Learning English through Debating †¢ Learning English through Social Issues English through Sports Communication †¢ Learning English through Workplace Communication †¢ Learning English through Popular Culture Learning †¢ Learning English through Short Stories †¢ †¢ Learning English through Drama & Songs †¢ Learning English through Poems , , 07 Plan Intensive Videoa pLearning+Platformr 2 A P er 1 Pape CapStar A6ENGLDLA : Paper 1 + 2 ?4? (V. L. P. ) (HKDSE) (4 Sessions) Plan A By Derek Liu English Team by Derek Liu KB01 KB02 KB03 KB04 KB05 KB06 KB07 KB08 KB09 KB10 KB11 KB12 KB13 KB14 KB15 KB16 KB17 KB18 KB19 KB20 KB21 KB22 KB23 TK01 TK02 TK03 TK04 TK05 Sat 2:05-3:20 pm Sat 2:05-3:20 pm Sun 12:45-2:00 pm Fri 6:00-7:15 pm Fri 6:00-7:15 pm Sat 4:45-6:00 pm Sun 3:25-4:40 pm Fri 7:15-8:30; 8:30-9:45 pm ( ) Sun 10:05-11:20 am Sat 10:05-11:20 am Sat 7:15-8:30 pm Sun 2:05-3:20 pm Fri 3:25-4:40 pm Tue 12:45-2:00; 2:05-3:20 pm ( ) Tue 12:45-2:00; 2:05-3:20 pm ( ) Wed 6:00-7:15; 7:15-8:30 pm Wed 6:00-7:15; 7:15-8:30 pm Thu 6:00-7:15 pm Sat 7:15-8:30 pm Tue 3:25-4:40 pm Fri 12:45-2:00; 2:05-3:20 pm ( Mon 12:45-2:00 pm Wed 12:45-2:00; 2:05-3:20 pm ( ) Fri 7:15-8:30; 8:30-9:45 pm ( ) Sun 3:25-4:40 pm Sat 6:00-7:15 pm Mon 6:00-7:15 pm Wed 12:45-2:00; 2:05-3:20 pm ( ) 2/3-23/3 4V 2/3-23/3 4V 3/3-24/3 4V 1/3-22/3 4V 1/3-22/3 4V 2/3-23/3 4V 3/3-24/3 4V 8/3-15/3 4V 3/3-24/3 4V 2/ 3-23/3 4V 2/3-23/3 4V 3/3-24/3 4V 1/3-22/3 4V 5/3-12/3 4V ( ) 19/3-26/3 4V 6/3-13/3 4V 20/3-27/3 4V 7/3-28/3 4V 2/3-23/3 4V 5/3-26/3 4V 1/3-8/3 4V 4/3-25/3 4V 13/3-20/3 4V 8/3-15/3 4V 3/3-24/3 4V 2/3-23/3 4V 4/3-25/3 4V 6/3-13/3 4V $540 08 ## @ Plan Intensive Videoa pLearning+Platformr 2 A P er 1 Pape CapStar MK01 MK02 MK03 MK04 MK05 MK06 MK07 MK08 MK09 MK10 MK11 MK12 MK13 MK14 TW01 TW02 TW03 TW04 TW05 TW06 TW07 TW08 TW09 TW10 TW11 TW12 YL01 YL02 YL03 YL04 YL05 YL06 ## ?4? (V. L. P. ) (HKDSE) (4 Sessions) Sun 2:05-3:20; 3:25-4:40 pm ( ) Sun 2:05-3:20; 3:25-4:40 pm ( ) Sat 4:45-6:00; 6:00-7:15 pm ( ) Sun 12:45-2:00 pm Sun 12:45-2:00 pm Sat 2:05-3:20 pm Sun 10:05-11:20; 11:25-12:40 pm ( ) Sat 7:15-8:30 pm Fri 8:30-9:45 pm Mon 7:15-8:30; 8:30-9:45 pm ( Sat 3:25-4:40 pm Mon 12:45-2:00; 2:05-3:20 pm ( ) Mon 12:45-2:00; 2:05-3:20 pm ( ) Tue 12:45-2:00; 2:05-3:20 pm ( ) Sat 2:05-3:20; 3:25-4:40 pm ( ) Sun 3:25-4:40 pm Fri 7:15-8:30; 8:30-9:45 pm ( ) Fri 7:15-8:30; 8:30-9:45 pm ( ) S at 11:25-12:40 pm Wed 7:15-8:30; 8:30-9:45 pm ( ) Thu 8:30-9:45 pm Wed 4:45-6:00 pm Wed 7:15-8:30; 8:30-9:45 pm ( ) Thu 12:45-2:00; 2:05-3:20 pm ( ) Thu 12:45-2:00; 2:05-3:20 pm ( ) Wed 12:45-2:00; 2:05-3:20 pm ( ) Fri 6:00-7:15; 7:15-8:30 pm ( ) Fri 6:00-7:15; 7:15-8:30 pm ( Sat 12:45-2:00; 2:05-3:20 pm ( ) Sat 12:45-2:00; 2:05-3:20 pm ( ) Mon 2:05-3:20; 3:25-4:40 pm ( ) Sun 11:25-12:40; 12:45-2:00 pm ( ) 3/3-10/3 4V 17/3-24/3 4V 9/3-16/3 4V 3/3-24/3 4V 3/3-24/3 4V 2/3-23/3 4V 10/3-17/3 4V 2/3-23/3 4V 1/3-22/3 4V 11/3-18/3 4V 2/3-23/3 4V 4/3-11/3 4V 18/3-25/3 4V 19/3-26/3 4V 9/3-16/3 4V 3/3-24/3 4V 1/3-8/3 4V ( ) 15/3-22/3 4V 2/3-23/3 4V 6/3-13/3 4V 7/3-28/3 4V 6/3-27/3 4V 20/3-27/3 4V 7/3-14/3 4V 21/3-28/3 4V 13/3-20/3 4V 1/3-8/3 4V 15/3-22/3 4V 2/3-9/3 4V 16/3-23/3 4V 4/3-11/3 4V 3/3-10/3 4V $540 @ , 09 Plan Intensive Videoa pLearning+Platformr 2 A P er 1 Pape CapStar TM01 TM02 TM03 TM04 TM05 TM06 TM07 TM08 TM09 TM10 S101 S102 S201 S202 S203 S204 S205 S206 S207 FT01 FT02 F T03 FT04 TY01 TY02 TY03 FL01 FL02 FL03 Sat 4:45-6:00; 6:00-7:15 pm ( ) Sat 4:45-6:00; 6:00-7:15 pm ( ) Sun 10:05-11:20 am Sun 12:45-2:00 pm Thu 7:15-8:30 pm Sat 3:25-4:40 pm Wed 12:45-2:00; 2:05-3:20 pm ( ) Wed 12:45-2:00; 2:05-3:20 pm ( ) Tue 12:45-2:00; 2:05-3:20 pm ( ) Tue 12:45-2:00; 2:05-3:20 pm ( ) Tue 4:45-6:00; 6:00-7:15 pm ( Tue 4:45-6:00; 6:00-7:15 pm ( ) Fri 7:15-8:30 pm Fri 7:15-8:30 pm Sat 2:05-3:20; 3:25-4:40 pm ( ) Sat 2:05-3:20; 3:25-4:40 pm ( ) Sun 10:05-11:20 am Fri 12:45-2:00; 2:05-3:20 pm ( ) Mon 12:45-2:00; 2:05-3:20 pm ( ) Sat 11:25-12:40; 12:45-2:00 pm ( ) Sat 12:45-2:00; 2:05-3:20 pm ( ) Thu 6:00-7:15 pm Thu 2:05-3:20; 3:25-4:40 pm ( ) Sat 2:05-3:20; 3:25-4:40 pm ( ) Sat 2:05-3:20; 3:25-4:40 pm ( ) Sun 3:25-4:40 pm Sun 11:25-12:40; 12:45-2:00 pm ( ) Sat 7:15-8:30 pm Mon 7:15-8:30 pm ?4? (V. L. P. ) (HKDSE) (4 Sessions) 2/3-9/3 4V 16/3-23/3 4V 3/3-24/3 4V 3/3-24/3 4V 7/3-28/3 4V 2/3-23/3 4V 6/3-13/3 4V 20/3-27/3 4V 12/3-19/3 4V 26/3-2/4 4V 5/3-12/3 4V 19/3-26/3 4V 1/3-22/3 4V 1/3-22/3 4V 2/3-9/3 4V ( ) 16/3-23/3 4V 3/3-24/3 4V 15/3-22/3 4V 11/3-18/3 4V 2/3-9/3 4V 16/3-23/3 4V 7/3-28/3 4V 7/3-14/3 4V 2/3-9/3 4V 16/3-23/3 4V 3/3-24/3 4V 10/3-17/3 4V 2/3-23/3 4V 4/3-25/3 4V $540 10 ## @ , Plan Intensive Videoa pLearning+Platformr 2 A P er 1 Pape CapStar Sat 10:05-11:20 am CB01 Sat 2:05-3:20 pm CB02 Fri 8:30-9:45 pm CB03 Sat 4:45-6:00 pm CB04 Sat 3:25-4:40 pm CB05 Sat 12:45-2:00 pm NP01 Sat 3:25-4:40 pm NP02 Sun 3:25-4:40 pm NP03 Mon 7:15-8:30 pm NP04 Fri 2:05-3:20; 3:25-4:40 pm ( ) NP05 AB01 Tue 2:05-3:20; 3:25-4:40 pm ( ) AB02 Tue 2:05-3:20; 3:25-4:40 pm ( ) ?4? (V. L. P. ) (HKDSE) (4 Sessions) 2/3-23/3 4V 2/3-23/3 4V 1/3-22/3 4V 9/3-6/4 4V 2/3-23/3 4V 2/3-23/3 4V ( ) 2/3-23/3 4V 3/3-24/3 4V 4/3-25/3 4V 8/3-15/3 4V 5/3-12/3 4V 19/3-26/3 4V $540 ## @ , 11 Plan B Paper3 Paper 3 + Paper 4 ?4? Listening (2 lessons)  « 100% 2012Past Paper ! !  « 3? Long Tasks Format! Marking Scheme, Long Tasks!  « 4? Short Tasks, Ta pescript , !  « DSE? CE & AL ,!  « 2 : Short Tasks Long Tasks †¢ Form-filling / Checklist / Table-filling / Others †¢ Opening ( ) & Closing ( ) / Layout ( ) Non-reply Letter Reply Letter Article Speech Personal Profile Simple Report Press Release Email Content ( ) & Relevance ( ) ?/? Data File ?Answers Data File 12 Plan B Paper4 Paper 3 + Paper 4 ?4? Speaking (2 lessons)  « 5 , Paper 4!!  « Conversational Strategies, Sentence Patterns? Useful Diction? Golden Ideas,!  « Sample Discussion? Sample Responses,? 14!  « 2 : Group Discussion 1. 2. 3. 4. Elaborate by Examples Elaborate by borrowing Elaborate by Dos/Don’ts Elaborate by providing alternatives 5. Give concrete names 6. Elaborate by listing the pros and cons Individual Response dead air ! 6. Giving & Supporting Opinions 7. Agreeing & Disagreeing 8. Advantages & Disadvantages 9. Proposing Solutions to Problems 7. Ask ‘Wh-’ questions and provide answers 8. Elaborate by ‘Ifâ₠¬â„¢ 9. Lead the members 10.Refute the others 11. Offer assistance 1. Do you prefer X to Y? 2. What do you dislike about X? 3. What do you like most about X? 4. Why do some people like X? 5. How would you improve X? 1 5% ! 1. Golden Ideas for Group Discussion 2. Group Discussion Samples (6 sets) 3. Individual Response Samples (10 sets) Derek Liu English Team! 13 Plan Intensive Videoa pLearning+Platformr 4 B P er 3 Pape CapStar A6ENGLDLB KB01 KB02 KB03 KB04 KB05 KB06 KB07 KB08 KB09 KB10 KB11 KB12 KB13 KB14 KB15 1. : Paper 3 + 4 2. ?3? 4 Paper 4 -Oral , 4 5 ?4? (V. L. P. ) (HKDSE) (4 Sessions)Plan B By Derek Liu English Team by Derek Liu Fri 7:15-8:30; 8:30-9:45 pm ( ) 1/3,26/4 4V Fri 7:15-8:30; 8:30-9:45 pm ( ) 22/3,3/5 4V Sat 7:15-8:30 pm 2/3-9/3, 27/4-4/5 4V Sat 7:15-8:30 pm 16/3-23/3 4V Sat 4:45-6:00 pm 27/4-4/5 Sun 2:05-3:20 pm 3/3-10/3 4V Sat 10:05-11:20 am 27/4-4/5 Sun 2:05-3:20 pm 17/3-24/3, 27/4-4/5 4V Fri 7:15-8:30 pm 1/3-8/3, 26/4-3/5 4V Fri 7:15-8:30 pm 15/3-22/3 4V Fri 6:00-7:15 pm 26/4-3/5 Thu 8:30-9:45 pm 7/3-14/3 4V Sat 2:05-3:20 pm 27/4-4/5 ( ) Thu 8:30-9:45 pm 21/3-28/3 4V Fri 6:00-7:15 pm 26/4-3/5 Mon 2:05-3:20; 3:25-4:40 pm ( 4/3 4V Tue 6:00-7:15; 7:15-8:30 pm ( ) 30/4 Mon 2:05-3:20; 3:25-4:40 pm ( ) 25/3 4V Tue 6:00-7:15; 7:15-8:30 pm ( ) 7/5 Wed 12:45-2:00; 2:05-3:20 pm ( ) 27/3 4V Sun 10:05-11:20 am 28/4-5/5 Tue 12:45-2:00; 2:05-3:20 pm ( ) 2/4 4V Sun 2:05-3:20 pm 28/4-5/5 Fri 7:15-8:30; 8:30-9:45 pm ( ) 5/4 4V Sun 12:45-2:00 pm 28/4-5/5 $540 14 ## @ , Plan Intensive Videoa pLearning+Platformr 4 B P er 3 Pape CapStar TK01 TK02 TK03 TK04 MK01 MK02 MK03 MK04 MK05 MK06 MK07 MK08 MK09 MK10 TW01 TW02 TW03 TW04 TW05 TW06 TW07 ?4? (V. L. P. (HKDSE) (4 Sessions) 1/3,26/4 4V Fri 7:15-8:30; 8:30-9:45 pm ( ) 22/3,3/5 4V Fri 7:15-8:30; 8:30-9:45 pm ( ) 16/3-23/3 Sat 7:15-8:30 pm 4V 4/5 Sat 6:00-7:15; 7:15-8:30 pm ( ) 19/3 Wed 12:45-2:00; 2:05-3:20 pm ( ) 4V 27/4 Sat 6:00-7:15; 7:15-8:30 pm ( ) Sat 12:45-2:00 pm 2/3-9/3, 27/4-4/5 4V Sat 12:45-2:00 pm 16/3-23/3 4V Sat 2:05-3:20 pm 27/4-4/5 Sat 4:45-6:00; 6:00-7:15 pm ( ) 2/3,27/4 4V Sat 4:45-6:00; 6:00-7:15 pm ( ) 23/3,4/5 4V Sun 10:05-11:20; 11:25-12:40 pm ( ) 3/3,5/5 4V Sun 10:05-11:20; 11:25-12:40 pm ( ) 24/3 4V Sun 2:05-3:20; 3:25-4:40 pm ( 5/5 Mon 7:15-8:30; 8:30-9:45 pm ( ) 4/3,6/5 4V Mon 7:15-8:30; 8:30-9:45 pm ( ) 25/3 4V Fri 8:30-9:45 pm 26/4-3/5 ( ) Tue 12:45-2:00; 2:05-3:20 pm ( ) 5/3 4V Sat 7:15-8:30 pm 27/4-4/5 Tue 12:45-2:00; 2:05-3:20 pm ( ) 12/3 4V Sun 2:05-3:20; 3:25-4:40 pm ( ) 28/4 Sat 2:05-3:20; 3:25-4:40 pm ( ) 2/3,27/4 4V Sat 2:05-3:20; 3:25-4:40 pm ( ) 23/3,4/5 4V Fri 4:45-6:00 pm 1/3-8/3 4V Fri 7:15-8:30; 8:30-9:45 pm ( ) 26/4 Fri 4:45-6:00 pm 15/3-22/3 4V Fri 7:15-8:30; 8:30-9:45 pm ( ) 3/5 Wed 7:15-8:30; 8:30-9:45 pm ( ) 3/4,8/5 4V Fri 7:15-8:30; 8:30-9:45 pm ( 5/4 4V Fri 4:45-6:00 pm 26/4-3/5 Wed 12:45-2:00; 2:05-3:20 pm ( ) 6/3 4V Sat 11:25-12:40 pm 27/4-4/5 @ , $540 ## 15 Plan Intensive Videoa pLearning+Platformr 4 B P er 3 Pape Cap Star TW08 YL01 YL02 YL03 YL04 TM01 TM02 TM03 TM04 TM05 TM06 S101 S201 S202 S203 S204 ?4? (V. L. P. ) (HKDSE) (4 Sessions) 27/3 Wed 12:45-2:00; 2:05-3:20 pm ( ) 4V 25/4-2/5 Thu 8:30-9:45 pm 2/3-9/3 Sat 10:05-11:20 am 4V 26/4 Fri 6:00-7:15; 7:15-8:30 pm ( ) 16/3-23/3 Sat 10:05-11:20 am 4V 3/5 Fri 6:00-7:15; 7:15-8:30 pm ( 17/3 Sun 11:25-12:40; 12:45-2:00 pm ( ) 4V 27/4 Sat 12:45-2:00; 2:05-3:20 pm ( ) 24/3 Sun 12:45-2:00; 2:05-3:20 pm ( ) 4V 4/5 Sat 12:45-2:00; 2:05-3:20 pm ( ) 10/3,5/5 4V Sun 2:05-3:20; 3:25-4:40 pm ( ) 17/3 Sun 2:05-3:20; 3:25-4:40 pm ( ) 4V 27/4 Sat 4:45-6:00; 6:00-7:15 pm ( ) 9/3-16/3 Sat 7:15-8:30 pm 4V 2/5 Thu 7:15-8:30; 8:30-9:45 pm ( ) 24/3 Sun 2:05-3:20; 3:25-4:40 pm ( ) 4V 4/5 Sat 4:45-6:00; 6:00-7:15 pm ( ) ( ) 23/3-6/4 Sat 7:15-8:30 pm 4V 25/4 Thu 7:15-8:30; 8:30-9:45 pm ( ) 5/3 Tue 12:45-2:00; 2:05-3:20 pm ( 4V 28/4-5/5 Sun 10:05-11:20 am 2/4,30/4 4V Tue 7:15-8:30; 8:30-9:45 pm ( ) 2/3-9/3 Sat 7:15-8:30 pm 4V 27/4 Sat 2:05-3:20; 3:25-4:40 pm ( ) Sat 7:15-8:30 pm 16/3-23/3, 27/4-4/5 4V Fri 8:30-9:45 pm 22/3-5/4 4V Fri 7:15-8:30; 8:30-9:45 pm ( ) 3/5 Mon 12:45-2:00; 2:05-3:20 pm ( ) 4/3 4V Sat 2:05-3:20; 3:25-4:40 pm ( ) 4/5 $540 16 ## @ , Plan Intensive Videoa pLearning+Platformr 4 B P er 3 Pape CapStar FT01 FT02 FT03 TY01 TY02 FL01 FL02 CB01 ?4? (V. L. P. ) (HKDSE) (4 Sessions) CB02 CB03 NP01 NP02 NP03 NP04 AB01 AB02 /3-9/3 Sat 2:05-3:20 pm 4V 27/4 Sat 12:45-2:00; 2:05-3:20 pm ( ) 16/3-23/3 Sat 11:25-12:40 pm 4V 4/5 Sat 12:45-2:00; 2:05-3:20 pm ( ) 21/3-28/3 Thu 4:45-6:00 pm 4V 2/5 Thu 4:45-6:00; 6:00-7:15 pm ( ) 14/3 Thu 2:05-3:20; 3:25-4:40 pm (DL) 4V 27/4 Sat 2:05-3:20; 3:25-4:40 pm ( ) 21/3 Thu 2:05-3:20; 3:25-4:40 pm (DL) 4V 4/5 Sat 2:05-3:20; 3:25-4:40 pm ( ) 3/3,5/5 Sun 11:25-12:40; 12:45-2:00 pm ( ) 4V Sun 11:25-12:40; 12:45-2:00 pm ( ) 24/3,12/5 4V 2/3,27/4 4V Sat 3:25-4:40; 4:45-6:00 pm ( ) 27/3-3/4 Wed 8:30-9:45 pm 4V 26/4-3/5 Fri 8:30-9:45 pm 2/4 Tue 12:45-2:00; 2:05-3:20 pm ( 4V 27/4-4/5 Sat 2:05 -3:20 pm ( ) 1/3 Fri 2:05-3:20; 3:25-4:40 pm ( ) 4V 27/4-4/5 Sat 12:45-2:00 pm Thu 8:30-9:45 pm 7/3-14/3, 2/5-9/5 4V Fri 2:05-3:20; 3:25-4:40 pm ( ) 22/3 4V Sat 3:25-4:40 pm 27/4-4/5 Thu 8:30-9:45 pm 21/3-28/3 Sun 3:25-4:40 pm 5/5 4V Mon 7:15-8:30 pm 6/5 Tue 2:05-3:20; 3:25-4:40 pm ( ) 2/4 4V Sat 4:45-6:00; 6:00-7:15 pm ( ) 27/4 Mon 8:30-9:45 pm 25/3 Tue 6:00-7:15 pm 2/4 4V Sat 4:45-6:00; 6:00-7:15 pm ( ) 4/5 $540 ## @ , 17 Capture (Plan A/B) ? DSE www. derekliu. com. hk ? Derek’s Blog ( )

A Spill at Parsenn Bowl Essay

Part I – The Slopes While enjoying a day on the ski slopes at Winter park the patient fell exiting the ski lift. Patient was able to get up unassisted however, as she adjusted her stance the knee â€Å"twisted† and she fell again resulting in an external rotation of the right knee. Patient reported no pain at this time, but due to instability she was transferred by Ski Patrol down the slope on a sled. For the patient’s body to maintain homeostasis throughout the duration of exposure to the extreme cold, thermo receptors within the skin activated sending signals to the hypothalamus. In turn the cutaneous blood vessels constricted and shivering commenced in an attempt to accumulate and produce additional body heat. (Minerva Union, 2011, 2). During the time of exposure to the extreme cold all distal extremities and any exposed tissues would be vulnerable to the occurrence of frostbite.  (Minerva Union, 2011) Part II – The Emergency Room Upon arrival at the emergency room the patient was shivering which can be seen as an early indication of hypothermia. At this time the patient was instructed to remove her parka in an effort to avoid further heat loss, resulting from an accumulation of moisture from the conditions outdoors. To assist in regulation of homeostasis the patient was wrapped in blankets and given hot chocolate. Pulse was taken at the Dorsalis Pedis to check the patient’s circulatory response. (The EMT Spot, 2014, 7). Pain reported by the patient was localized to the medial surface of the right knee,  noticeable inflammation present due to the leaking of fluids from compromised internal tissues. The patient’s presentation of symptoms are indicative to that of a potential medial collateral ligament and medial meniscus tear. (Healthline, 2014, 5). The medial meniscus articulates with the medial condyles of the tibia and femur. Part III – The Mile High Clinic An X-ray, of which the primary diagnostic focus is bone structure and density (SWOG, 2013, 1), was ordered for the patient. X-ray results although negative for fracture were positive for swelling further indicating the possibility of tendon or ligament damage. A Lachman Test was performed on the patient to test the integrity of the anterior cruciate ligament within the patient’s right knee. To determine integrity: â€Å"the knee is flexed at a 20-30 ° angle, the tibia is displaced anteriorly relative to the femur; a soft endpoint or greater than 4 mm of displacement is positive.† (Free Dictionary-Medical Dictionary, 2014, 1).  (The Clinical Advisor, 2014) Upon the positive results of the Lachman test, further examination confirmed injury to the medial collateral ligament as well. Patient was instructed to see an orthopedist, given crutches, a brace, and instructed to keep the leg elevated and use ice to further aid in the reduction of swelling and pain. Furthermore patient was instructed not to use heat, such as a heat pad or hot tub, as heat can result in vasodilatation leading to increased pain and swelling. Part IV – Seeing the Orthopedic Surgeon #1 Upon arriving home the patient was seen by a local orthopedic surgeon. Although the patient previously had an x-ray, an MRI was ordered to obtain a clear and concise understanding of the impact of the ski accident on the internal soft tissue structures of the patient’s right knee. An MRI or magnetic resonance imaging, â€Å"combines a powerful magnet with radio waves and a computer to manipulate these magnetic elements and create highly detailed images of structures in the body.† (SWOG, 2013, 4) In comparison to an MRI, an X-ray is typically used to diagnose and assess bone degeneration or disease, fractures and dislocation. (SWOG, 2013, 1) Age often plays a role  in the healing process, as does the patient’s physical health. Typically younger patients have an increased regenerative capacity for healing as opposed to older patients who may present with osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is â€Å"the degeneration of cartilage and its underlying bone within a joint as well as bony overgrowth.† (CDC, 2011, 1) Patients with poor physical health and other complications may not always be a good candidate for reconstructive surgery. Although the patient in this case is 55, she presents as a good candidate for reconstructive surgery as a result of leading a fairly active life style and was referred to an orthopedic surgeon who performs such surgical procedures on a routine basis. Part V – Seeing the Orthopedic Surgeon #2 Patient presents in good health and as an ideal candidate for surgery. Referred to â€Å"pre-hab† to have the knee and leg in the best possible shape prior to surgery. The knee is a synovial joint and can be further classified as a hinge joint as it allows movement in only one direction. Synovial joints are lined by a synovial membrane filled with fluid to support the joint and reduce friction. (Buzzle, 2014), 3). Tendons and ligaments composed of dense regular connective tissues hold the structures of the knee together.(eHealth Ideas, 2013) The hamstring, sartorious, gracilis, and popliteus assist in producing flexion, whereas the â€Å"Quads† rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and vastus intermedius contribute to producing extension. (Healthline, 2013, 4-5). With regard for the surgical repair of the patient’s ACL the synovial membrane would need to cut in order to operate on both the meniscus and ACL. In addition, the use of a tendon to replace the ligament is possible, as both are composed of collagenous connective tissues. (University of Michigan, (n.d.), 2). Prior to surgical intervention it is especially important that the patient’s knee is in the best physical shape as post-operatively the patient can expect to experience some degree of atrophy and loss of bone mass as a result of restricted and limited use of the surgically repaired joint and limb. (Healthline, 2014, 1). During post-operative healing the patella is likely to heal faster  than the ACL, MCI and menisci, as it has access to the arterial blood supply. (KneeHipPain, n.d., 14). The cartilage and the ligaments will take longer to heal as they are avascular and contain little to no blood supply. Scar tissue is a normal occurrence of the healing process, and is composed of fibrous connective tissue. â€Å"This tissue contains a fibrous protein called collagen, as well as long carbohydrate molecules called polysaccharides, water and cells called fibroblasts.† Scar tissue also known as adhesion, plays an important role in the healing process as its collagenous fibers bind to damaged tissues in an effort to reconnect the damaged fibers. Part VI – Resolution The body is an incredible mechanism, through homeostasis and feedback loops the body is often able to regulate and return itself to a state of equilibrium. This can be evidenced in the case of the patient, as when subjected to the extreme cold thermo-receptors in the skin activated signaling the hypothalamus, resulting in vasoconstriction and shivering as a method to create and conserve body heat. However, in some cases such as that of a torn ACL, the body is not always able to repair itself and surgical intervention may be deemed necessary. Still, throughout the post-operative healing process the body employs various methods of negative feedback to once again return to a state of equilibrium. References Buzzle. (2014). Synovial membrane. Retrieved from: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/synovial-membrane.html The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). Osteoarthritis. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/arthritis/basics/osteoarthritis.htm The Clinical Advisor. (2014). [Photo of Lachman Test]. Retrieved from: http://www.clinicaladvisor.com/tests-to-assess-acl-rupture/slideshow/394/#0 eHealth Ideas. (2013). [Photo of Knee Anatomy Design]. Retrieved from: http://www.ehealthideas.com/2013/12/knee-anatomy-diagram.html The EMT Spot. (2014). The ultimate emt guide to vital signs. Retrieved from: http://theemtspot.com/2010/05/22/the-ultimate-emt-guide-to-vital-signs/ The Free Dictionary. (2014). Medical dictionary. Retrieved from: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Lachman+test Healthline. (2013). Knee muscle anatomy. Retrieved from: http://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/knee-muscles#4/4294967045 Healthline. (2014). Muscle atrophy. Retrieved from: http://www.healthline.com/symptom/muscle-wasting Knee Hip Pain. (n.d.). The anatomy of the patella. Retrieved from: http://www.kneehippain.com/patient_pain_anatomy.php Minerva Union. (2011). Homeostasis basics. Retrieved from: http://minerva.union.edu/linthicw/homeo.htm Minerva Union. (2011). [Photo of Homeostasis Temperature Control]. Retrieved from: http://minerva.union.edu/linthicw/homeo.htm References Southwest Orthopedic Group. (2013). What is the difference between x-rays, mri, and ct scans. Retrieved from: http://www.sworthogroup.com/general-orthopedic-faq/25-what-is-the-difference-between-x-rays-mri-and-ct-scan University of Michigan. (n.d.). Section 9: Ligament tendon structure. Retrieved from: http://www.umich.edu/~bme332/ch10ligten/bme332ligamenttendon.htm

American Gangster Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

American Gangster Film - Essay Example The gangster genre is a series of cycles, where each draws and develops from its forerunners, but at the same time reflecting the characteristic concerns and feature of its time. The classical genre expression in the 1930s The classical expression of the genre film is based on the rise and fall of the criminal, often involving the simple beginnings from early youth to maturity at the peak of their criminal careers, seemingly and finally ending tragically. The classical expression of the early thirties was viewed by the audience as a clear response to the depression and the expanded misery over the public policy value and government institutions, law and finance (Shadoian 57). This can help describe the key actors such as Rico in Little Caesar and Tony in Scarface, who were powerful figures who thrived in the face of executive opposition, through their own efforts. After the disagreement over Scarface, there existed a short suspension of gangster films, even though some of the forces behind the classical cycle had disappeared with the elimination of the Volstead Act of 1933. However, by the mid 1930s, a new range of post-abolition, post-production Code gangster films developed, looking at similar themes and involving most of the previous actors, though shifting the focus away from the gangsters and instead focusing on the implementers. The Depression pessism led to the optimism of the New Deal and the gangster genre sought to reassert the legality of executive authority through a couple of films. Nonetheless, classic cycle could still offer its audience with similar vicarious experience of corruption and heroic violence as the forerunners, though the violence was continued more or less legally. Some of the films that set the pace for this phase of genre development were the Little Caesar of 1930, the Public Enemy of 1931, and Scarface of 1932 (Munby 19). These gangsters are often immigrants who are victims of circumstance and always depicted as egotistical mania cs. In the 1930s, the films were arguably developed to initiate a level of security and stability for the audience in the throes of Depression. The film noir phase of the film genre development This is a phase experienced in the 1940s and 1950s, looking at the darker features of modernity, and often exploring the impacts of a criminal act. Gangster films within the film noir phase may have portrayed a shared iconography with the forerunner of the 1930s, though they brought a distinctive attitude and a darker tone than any other did. After the war, films gave an obvious reflection of a pessimistic and darkening mood, among the challenges to â€Å"traditional† values that service men experienced. Even though this phase of genre development has been conceived as aesthetically deviant and experimental, portraying little links to what happened before, noir gangster films took over from where pre-war crime movies had left. Viewers received them as an awkward reminder of issues whos e solution had been put off by the quest to prosecute the war. Examples of such films are the High Sierra of 1940 and White Heat of 1949 (Booker 105). Filmmakers in 1940s and 50s were not really making the noir film, but creating pictures for masses of viewers which are still hugely entertaining. Films in the classical genre were subversive and queried the facade of daily lives in

Consumer decision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Consumer decision - Essay Example In its simplest form, consumer decision-making process can be presented by Engel-Kollat-Blackwell model (Jack 2005, p. 129). This model suggests that consumer buy products/services satisfy their needs and wants. These needs and wants are actually the problems and once recognized consumer feels motivated to satisfy them. According to the model, these needs and wants can be stimulated by internal (actual need e.g. thirst, hunger etc) as well as external factors (advertisements, reinforcement by others). To satisfy them the consumer search for information and during the search process, various alternatives are evaluated. Finally, the consumer selects any one of the alternatives which he/she finds the most suitable for purchase. Then the model also talks about post purchase behavior which includes responses such as satisfaction, repurchase willingness etc. Now this post-purchase behavior will decide whether the decision made is rational or irrational depending upon the achievement of und erlying goals. This whole consumer decision-making process is not as simple as it seems to be. According to Kotler’s Marketing Essentials as cited in Lee (2007, p. 31) there are many factors influencing buyer behavior. These factors not only stimulate the need but play their role in every stage of consumer decision-making process. Whether it is the search for information, alternatives evaluation or actual purchase, these internal and external factors are active throughout the process.

How Inappropriate General Wage Levels and Wage Inflation Can Cause In Assignment

How Inappropriate General Wage Levels and Wage Inflation Can Cause Increased Unemployment - Assignment Example Unemployment is often considered as a disease in the society; its major impact is the fact that the productivity that can be obtained by employing the unemployed resources is foregone. Additionally, it adds poverty to the society, frustration to the individuals, and more often than not, the symptoms of unemployment can be observed by tracking crime rate as it often creeps up. There are several reasons for unemployment, however, in the current economic situation; recession can be identified as the ‘hottest’ reason. Recession not just leads to unemployment in the short run but has long-term negativity associated to the same, by the due fact that individuals lose their interest in gaining relevant skills for a job, and subsequently, when recovery takes place and demand of the labor moves up, but lack of appropriately required skill set makes it difficult for employment levels to move up, and thus, recovery becomes very slow (Blanchard, 2008). Inflation, as simply defined as an increase in general price levels, is also a critical aspect of the economy, and is an important economic indicator. Despite the fact that inflation illustrates the growth of an economy, at the same time, this variable needs to be retained within certain limits because exceeding a certain value would imply excessive increasing prices, putting pressure on consumer pockets, and not allowing them to retain their standard of living, let alone increasing them. Inflation is influenced by various economic elements such as various input costs, depreciating the local currency, etc, while it also affects other economic elements at the same time (Nellis, 2006). Consider a scenario in which average wage is on the greater side, then as per the above equation, the unit labour cost would be on the higher side as well. Following this scenario, it can be assumed that the producer would have to increase the price of the output to ensure profit margins remaining at the past numbers, if not moving ahead that is.  

Marketing New Product Development Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing New Product Development - Case Study Example The market target may be too small to reflect adequate profits. For the significant success of a product, the market should be large enough to make huge sales. Another major reason for product failure is quality. A product that does not meet customer satisfaction is prone to failure. Every good released into the market must be effective enough to meet the customers’ needs. In addition, the product may not offer any significant improvement in the product already available in the market. Most customers would go for a new product if it offers better features or solves the problems witnessed in the current ones in the market. Some products may meet customer needs but have little access to the market. A good example is the case of small companies that may have a difficult time penetrating a market that is dominated by big competitive companies. This can be seen with the failure of Microsoft Zune. Such issues arise from lack of proper competitive analysis. Small companies face difficulty in budgeting and meeting the demands of the marketing plan. It is especially because of over optimization about the marketing plan at hand. Poor budgeting may lead the company to have a problem of pricing too. Since the budgeting consumed a lot of funds, the firm may try to recover it by offering unreasonable pricing for the commodity. In addition, the firms may run out of money before testing the product completely. The firms decide to test the products on the customers directly and end up flopping. Marketers have learned that there is no available remedy that can act as a quick fix for all market flops. However, there are steps that firms can take to increase their odds of new product success. Companies should have a clear understanding of the market, competitors, and consumers of the products.  

Barclays Bank Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Barclays Bank - Essay Example Barclays Bank for a long time has been seen to capitalise in this, even before the field of behavioural finance was. One of the best example as to how Barclays Bank is using behavioural finance theory to advance its business is the English Premier League sponsorship which the bank has sponsored since 2001. Sports generate a lot of emotions epically emotions of belonging and fondness. In this regard, sponsoring the English Premier League which is popular not only in England but actually in the whole world has enabled the bank to be able to access a lot of market. There are so many customers around the world who become customers to Barclays Bank just because they associate it with their favourite sport, soccer. Business Funding at Barclays Bank Being a three hundred year old business, Barclays Bank has used a number of funding methods over the years. However, there are the most recent funding methods which the bank has opted. ... In the United States, the bank has also had some liquidity issues and there were fears that the bank may be having a bad debt of over $10 billion and this led to the shares of the bank dropping a whole 9%. However, it later emerged that the debt was much less than the amount and was actually $1.9 billion. Funding In an attempt to enhance its tier 1 capital ratio, Barclays Bank tried to raise 4.5 UK pounds through a non-traditional rights issue in mid 2008. However, only 19 percent of the shareholders took up the rights offer and this led to the majority shareholder, China Development band and Qatar Investment Authority with majority shares. Later in the same year, Barclays tried another round of capital-raising which led to seven billion UK pounds being raised, mainly from investors from Qatar and Abu Dhabi. The fact that the capital raising was not from the existing shareholders led to some worries by the existing shareholders who objected to the fact that they were not pre-empted a bout the rights issues. The shareholders even threatened to boycott the decision in the extraordinary shareholders meeting. Barclays Bank Shares Barclays Bank is a publically traded firm which trades both in the London Stock Exchange as well as the New York Sock Exchange. All its subsidiaries also trade in the local stock exchange markets of the countries where they operate. Barclays Bank has been in the stock exchange for a long time now and the current price of its shares is ?284.35 which is a fall of 1.59% from previous price. Barclays bank has a capitalisation of over ?21.8Â  billion making it the 22nd largest firm listed in the London stock exchange market. The

Homosexuality as a Theological Issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Homosexuality as a Theological Issue - Essay Example Christians find themselves at the center of this wave, as people look up to them for guidance on the stand they are supposed to take. The commonality of this in theology particularly, is that people need to know Christian’s stand in this homosexuality issue. As such, different theologians have written different articles expressing their ideas on the homosexuality as a social issue. In my analysis in this essay, I will put into consideration three author’s writings, and their reasoning about homosexuality. A concise summary of each of these theological reasoning will form the basis of their comparison and contrast. Conclusively, I will draw personalized ideas and thoughts on the homosexuality issue. Koranteng-Pipim, in his article, â€Å"Three Conflicting Views on Homosexuality† seeks to find the church’s stand on homosexuality. The biggest issue is whether they should accept or reject these individuals whenever they join their congregation. Both stands hav e their unique ethical consequences. However, he singles out the case of seventh day adventurist church, which has assumed three approaches to homosexuality (Koranteng-Pipim 1). Despite the fact that the church in past has assumed a non-acceptance stand on this issue, the recent rise of pro-homosexual groups continue to amount the church on assuming a full-acceptance approach to these people. However, he notes that some segments within contemporary Adventism are moving towards the qualified-acceptance view in addressing homosexuality. Koranteng-Pipim argues that although these other views have emerged, the non-acceptance view remains the official position of the Seventh-day Adventist church (Koranteng-Pipim 2). Different tenets support these divergence views. The basic tenets in support of these views include the nature of homosexuality, morality of homosexuality, way out of homosexuality and response to homosexuality. The non-acceptance view holds that homosexuality is a distortion of human sexuality, it is sinful and sinful, and that God has the capability of changing any situation (Koranteng-Pipim 6). In their arguments though, those advocating for full acceptance have to agree to being born again and thus fully assimilated in the church. In his article, â€Å"Homosexuality and Christian Faith: A Theological Reflection† Jennings points out that homosexuals and homosexuality is one of the major importance deliberations of denominational bodies. This issue has drawn different feelings among the proponents and opponents of homosexuality issue. On one side are the supporters of the traditional sexuality; while on the other hand is the group in support of the emerging trends in sexuality (Jennings 137). However, he observes that theological reflection has conspicuously been missing from this conservative-liberal confrontation. He observes that people hold many biases in the issue of homosexuality in the society. He however does not propose a theology of h omosexuality, but proposes how fundamental principles of Christian theology illuminate this question or complex of issues. He looks at different principles of theology, such as one by Karl Barth, which proposes that that Christian faith goes along with the gracious God, who is the Supreme Being (Jennings 137). The supreme intention is to justify, save and redeem humanity, but not on the basis of a discrimination between better and worse persons but solely on the basis of God’s own gracious election. He argues that in case of a violation of this theological principle, it places in human hands the capacity to implement our own salvation. The second principle as he points out is the universality

Machiavelli Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Machiavelli - Essay Example For hundreds of years, guidebooks had been written for rulers about how to govern; these usually focused on the lives and practices of laudable rulers who lived moral lives and tried to teach other rulers how to follow their example. Machiavelli chooses to break strikingly with this long standing and honored tradition, and write a different kind of guidebook for rulers. His guidebook did not tell rulers how to lead in an enlightened, moral way, but rather how to hold on to power, regardless of morality. This mentality was enshrined in his famous â€Å"the ends justify the means† attitude. Machiavelli’s choice to preclude moral discussions from his political analysis was bold, and had many benefits and drawbacks. Removing moral and ethical judgments from political analysis allowed Machiavelli to give a clearer guide to how to retain leadership, and differentiate traits that are praiseworthy in an individual from traits that are praiseworthy in a prince, but simultaneousl y perverted discussions of what the role of the ruler should be, focusing on how a ruler can help himself retain power rather than how to do the best thing for his subjects, necessarily. The first major benefit of Machiavelli’s choice to remove moral and ethical considerations from his political analysis is that it allows him to ask questions previous thinkers had not really been able to; instead of asking â€Å"what makes a good ruler?† he was able to ask â€Å"what makes a successful ruler?† or, put another way â€Å"what allows a ruler to achieve and to hold onto power?† This kind of thinking pervades Machiavelli’s texts – he writes that he intends his book to be a â€Å"practical text† (chapter XV), which, rather than following a line of moral absolutes, attempts to write something of â€Å"practical use to the inquirer† based on what actually happened to rulers who acted in one way or another (chapter XV). He insists that every action will lead to either â€Å"self-preservation† or â€Å"self-destruction† and that the primary goal of any ruler most be for all of his actions to be consistent with the former rather than the latter. Machiavelli, by eschewing moral questions, is able to focus on a completely different aspect of rulership than previous thinkers were able to. Focusing solely on how to achieve and hold on to power sounds a bit – well, Machiavellian for lack of a better term, selfish and disinterested with other’s wellbeing. Machiavelli’s focus on the maintenance of power is not, however, solely beneficial to the prince that takes his advice, but can also be of great benefit to the entire population. A ruler who behaves in a â€Å"self-destructive† way will surely be weak to attacks, and eventually others will try to attack his position and gain his princedom for their own. Such weak rulers who constantly have to spend time and energy defending their position always have less resources to put towards the public good, and the population suffers. Furthermore, weak rulers often invite anarchy, which can be much more damaging to a society than a slightly tyrannical leader. So, depending on the situation, Machiavelli’s admittedly cold advice could benefit not only the prince but also his population. Being able to ask and answer very different types of questions than previous thinkers had been able to was only one of the many benefit of Machiavelli’s amoral political analysis. Another major one was the ability to differentiate between qualities that are admirable in an individual versus qualities that are admirable or desirable in a leader. One of the prime examples Machiavelli uses to demonstrate the differences is the quality of generosity versus miserliness. Though generosity is obviously an excellent and admirable quality to have as an individual, Machiavelli

Boatright Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Boatright - Essay Example Therefore, since the individual assumes the risks involved, he can be said to be contributorily negligent (Edwards, Edwards, and Wells, 2008). Individual autonomy incorporates moral and political values that dictate how individuals govern themselves, irrespective of their role in social structure, as well as political alienations. In addition, an individual’s moral principles and responsibilities, and the legality of political weight are critical in self-governing the individual (Christman, 2011). Kant investigates the ideas and concepts surrounding morality and elucidates commonsense ideas that are crucial in coming up with our moral judgments. In the case under study, the individual may have been under intense pressure to find a job because of the need to fend his family and himself. However, he was well aware of the risky conditions that were combined with the job he accepted. Based on the doctrine of volenti, the individual cannot be able to bring a claim to his employer because of his assumptions on the risks involved (Miller & Jentz, 2009). The plaintiff already accepted to take the risks involved in exchange for the job. Lundmark (1998) asserts that assumption of the risk is a volitional act, and it cannot be present if the claimant has no knowledge or awareness of the impending dangers associated with the job at hand. This doctrine provides a complete defense for the defendant since the individual can be held to have voluntarily accepted the risks involved with the job. However, in case the defendant is found to have committed any form of negligence, damages sustained by the plaintiff can be viewed to be inconsistent. Kant draws his views from moral philosophy and provides general judgments that are deemed to be deeply held. In addition, Kant argues that the moral judgments should be widely accepted and acceptable to

The title of the film was Amistad and the film was released in 1997 Essay Example for Free

The title of the film was Amistad and the film was released in 1997 Essay The title of the film was â€Å"Amistad† and the film was released in 1997 on the territory of the United States of America. The historical period, portrayed in the film, is the year of 1839. It was the year when a terrible rebellion took place on board the Spanish ship La Amistad, which transported salves. It was the time when the slavery was abolished in the North and the South of the United States of America was discontented for they desperately â€Å"needed† slaves to work for them. American courts still decide whether the black person is free according to the place he comes from. The trial over the rebels from La Amistad asks the main question: †Are these rebels slaves or free people? †. The â€Å"free giving† North and the â€Å"enslaving† South were already opposing each other and their relations were rather problematic. The incident became a scandal as it truly reflected the conflict of that time. According to the American laws back then only Africans could be considered free people. The story takes place in the time-gap before the Civil War, which lasted from 1861 till 1865. â€Å"Amistad† is a true story about the slaves that try to go back to their motherland – Sierra Leone. La Amistad† is the name of a Spanish vessel with 53 African slaves on board the ship. The whole story is told be spokesman for the slaves named Joseph Cinque. The film describes the story of a ship approaching the American shore, where trading slaves is illegal. On the way to America the slaves manage to release themselves and kill the whole crew of â€Å"La Amistad† except two crewmembers they leave alive to navigate the vessel. Nevertheless, as they have no idea what direction they need to sail the slaves find themselves near the seaside of New England. The vessel arrested by the coast guards and the rebels get to the court of Connecticut. The Court considers the slaves to be premises and for that reason the lawyer that defends the slaves is a specialist on questions of premises. He is an ambitious young lawyer named Roger Baldwin. The defendants are accused of murder but for them the case is the fight where they have to prove that they are free people and not anyone’s property. Baldwin’s way to defend is very skimpy from the beginning, as he does not seem to feel the problem completely. He does not seem to understand that it goes not about property but about personal freedom of the Amistad slaves in the first place. When Baldwin gets the support of America’s ex-president John Quincy Adams the things change. Adams teaches Baldwin how to feel the case and emotionally deliver it to the court. Adams makes a fifteen-minute speech in Court and put a â€Å"human face on the dispute† showing that the slaves who organized the rebels were free people who were forced to leave their native land, were seized and therefore had to protect themselves just as any other person would have done. Steven Spielberg directed the film and the main motivation of the author was showing that every single person, not depending on the color of skin has the right to be free. In other words each person is born free and nobody can take this freedom away from him. According to Spielberg own words the film tell the viewer about: â€Å"how these Africans are hopelessly caught in the quagmire of the American justice system[1]. This motivation is easily seen through the opposition of the slavery and justice. Spielberg reveals it through a true story to let the spectator understand that this will always remain a problem, even in the contemporary world. The film definitely does give the viewer more insight on the historical period of the 1839, as it in the first places tells about the story was forgotten even by the contemporary African-American representatives [2]. The majority of people do not realize how deep was the problem and the film shows that even twenty years before the Civil War slavery prospered and black Africans did not have many opportunities to defend themselves. It reflects the system of justice of those days where a person that could not speak English was put in Court without even realizing what was going on and without any possibility to explain anything or provide a disclaimer. The valued and the attitudes of the period which is portrayed in the film are primitive – a salve is someone’s property and should be treated as a property. Trial over a slave was a trial where the judge needed to decide â€Å"Whom does this â€Å"thing† belongs to†. The film also reflects the values of the time it was made in. In the first place it is still the problem of racism that is raised even nowadays. It shows the roots, the reasons of the insult that has drawn an invisible line between white and black people. Another attitude seem in the film is the attitude towards court. What the movie says is that the Court has to be independent from anything. As true justice cannot be bought every person needs to be sure that if he not guilty– he will never be convicted. The film is made in accordance with the values of that time; nevertheless the â€Å"waft† of present-day values is rather observable in it. For instance the fat that the defendants were in chains inside the courtroom seem to reflect that a person is not guilty until proved to be innocent and but on the contrary innocent, until proved to be guilty. The characters are not more important than the event, but they harmoniously fit into it. For instance the character of Anthony Hopkins John Quincy Adams shows that the most important thing is to see the human face of the situation, to feel the situation, to emotionally outlive the suffering of other people. This is something that the event itself does not say. It is a human interpretation of the situation and this makes the personage of John Quincy Adams very important to the film, but hardly more important than the La Amistad rebel and the subsequent court. Conclusion: The interpretation of the main characters relates to the most prominent value of the American nation – freedom. This outstanding value is immortal and is something that unites the values of both of the times. The film’s ideology is clear: no human being can be a property of another person; nothing can be called just until it depends on any factors except objectivity; each human being is free from the very moment he was born to the world. Each person can choose and not to be dictated what to do or say. People have the power to choose for themselves and express their will – in other words no discrimination can be made based on the racial differences. The film is a satisfactory historical source. It actually shares the whole story, which is unknown to the majority of the audience, including African-Americans. The strength is that it showed everything very realistic, especially the recollections of the slave, giving the audience the idea of what these people experienced being slaves. The weakness is that it is maybe a little too much concentrated on the characters, than on the event itself. Some things are ignored such as the reaction of public or what in fact people did think about the whole deal. This film can definitely an additional source to study American History, but should not be the only one.

The Ramayana and Trade Case Essay Example for Free

The Ramayana and Trade Case Essay When we talk about Ramayana, we look at it as an epic story of powerful people, of gods and goddesses intervening with the people’s affairs, and of other-worldly creatures which one could never imagine. Truly, it is a wonderful, fictional story. But it is not only about legendary battles and imaginary characters. We can also associate it with real-life activities which are being conducted in a day-to-day basis. A good example of such activity is trade, which is evident in the epic story Ramayana.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One evident example of Trade in Ramayana is the existence of different races and classes of people. It is inevitable that they would interact with each other in exchange of goods coming from one kingdom to another. The people coexisted with other races like the demons and the monkeys by establishing connections with each other through exchanges of merchandise, goods, and even services. Weapons were also evidently traded in the story of Ramayana, since there are a lot of wars going on in the kingdom. Another manifestation of trade in the story is the flow of people in different kingdoms. People come and go to different places by trading their goods with other groups of people. Being exiled or being overthrown from a kingdom could have resulted from wrong trading practices which attracted disapproval from the people (Narayan, 1993).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite being an epic story, The Ramayana still has several attributes wherein we could associate it with our real day-to-day activities. Trade is one of these activities, and it is well depicted throughout the epic story. Works Cited: Narayan, R. K. (1993). Ramayana: A Shortened Modern Prose Version of the Indian Epic. USA: Penguin Group.

Contribution of Women to the Economy in the Middle Ages

Contribution of Women to the Economy in the Middle Ages Introduction This dissertation will focus on the contribution of women to the economy in the Middle Ages. It will explore how and to what extent women contributed to the economy of Medieval England, asking the question of ‘Is the role of women in the medieval economy undervalued by history?. As part of this it will explore to what extent women are adequately reflected in the contemporary sources, and if they are not adequately reflected, aim to explain the reasons for this. It is also interesting to see if the contributions made by women vary depending on their social status and whether they reside in the urban or the rural environment. It is important to explore and aim to discover whether the contribution women made to the economy changed over time, whether it is to an increased contribution or a decreased one due to certain events or social changes. Clearly the role of men in society in the middle ages will be of great significance due to their large influence on the lives of women. In order to fully understand and appreciate the contribution which women made to the economy in the Middle Ages it is important to look at how they worked alone, but also how women were recognised and treated alongside men, especially those who were engaged in a similar occupation. The role of women alongside their husband is also of great importance. Historians such as Christopher Brooke have often argued that women cannot be studied without also studying the men of the period. It is also advantageous to compare a womans work in the town to the work which women in the countryside were engaged in. Perhaps an aspect within this which could be explored is whether or not the work which women participated in changed over time, particularly after the Black Death. To look at all of the above, individual places will be looked at, for example the city of London and the town of Wakefield, but also individual people, especially those who appear in the court rolls on numerous occasions. It is d ifficult however to look at working class women in much detail as their lives were not as well documented as a woman of a higher social class and status. Also, the majority of sources used have been written by and for men. Typically, when looking at the middle ages, the work of women can be overlooked as it is often assumed that they simply worked in the home. Although this is not strictly true, it is important to look at the work which women undertook in the home and whether or not and to what extent this work impacted on any other work which they might have been undertaking. It is sometimes difficult to assess the work which women did as very few women in the middle ages were literate, and therefore when they do appear in records it is nearly always from a male perspective, in records written for males. This creates a certain difficulty in truly understanding what women participated in, as it is often assumed that they simply worked in the house and there are no sources which concentrate purely on work undertaken in the household. Along with this, men often appeared in place of women in court rolls. This was often due to the fact that a man would pay the fine for a woman who had done wrong, for examp le brewing outside of the assize given by the manor. However, there are also a large number of instances where women do appear alongside men at court. It is important to recognise here however that women could often be found undertaking jobs inside their homes, for example textile work. This will also be considered. Chapter one of this dissertation will mainly focus on women and the household. It will look in detail at the role which women played in the household. It will explore their role as both a wife and a mother but also their eventual role as a widow. Sources are scarce for this aspect of life in the Middle Ages but ones which do provide a useful insight include court rolls where women asked permission to marry. A main issue here is the amount of sources which are available to utilise for this aspect of a womans life. With few sources available it is understandably difficult to distinguish whether these women recorded in the sources are typical of society or anomalies. Chapter two will look at womens work in the home. As part of this the textile industry will be looked at, as well as the roles of women in domestic service and agricultural activity and markets. Within this there are various primary sources which can be utilised. These include court rolls, coroners rolls and weavers ordinances. There are of course various limitations to each of the sources. Perhaps the main one to consider here is that sources were generally written by males and for males. As well as this there are limited mentions of women in domestic service, although they are not as limited as the sources on women in the home in general. Chapter three evaluates womens work outside of the home. It looks at the occupation of brewing and uses sources such as coroners rolls and court rolls to look at the extent to which women could be found in this profession. It also explores prostitution as a lesser thought of economic contribution. Together it seeks to discover the contribution of women to the medieval economy whilst asking whether or not the women are adequately reflected in the sources, and whether as a result of this, these women have been undervalued by history. Women And The Household It is arguable how much of a womans life was spent in the household looking after the family unit. It is typically thought that a large amount of a womans time was spent in the home and although this is supported to an extent by the majority of sources, there are also a significant number which dispute it. A large number of historians, such as Christopher Dyer, Jennifer Ward and Joanne Bennett have looked at the everyday lives of women and various conclusions have been drawn from their studies. It is important to look at the conclusions of both historians who argue that women spent the majority of their time in the home, and those who argue that women, like men, were able to hold an occupation, as well as working for the family. As well as this, some historians have argued that there was a difference in the way in which women contributed to the household depending on their social class. All of these factors are important when looking at the work women did, as any work undertaken in t heir household would have had an impact on the amount of paid work which they were able to undertake. It is worth noting that if a woman did not undertake paid work and worked only in the household, it is not likely to have been recorded and so makes it difficult to find information on these women. The role of a woman as both a wife and mother in the household is an important one. Women were initially regarded as the property of men and this is reflected by a large number of women asking for permission to marry at the manor courts. An example of this is the court roll of 27 February 1360 from the manor of Walsham le Willows where Agnes Jay ‘pays 4s fine for leave to marry Robert Lene. Being married meant that a woman had a greater right to security and property than she would have had as a single woman as she sometimes gained joint tenancy with her husband. This joint tenancy over their house and belongings can be seen in court rolls, for example in the court of 16 August 1369. At this court ‘William de Preston†¦and Alice his wife†¦sold to William Kent†¦certain utensils in a house which he held from them. The fact that Alice and William together agreed to sell items in a house which they jointly owned shows that Alice had rights to property, which she may not have had if she were single. However, these rights changed once more when a woman was widowed. Every woman who had been married to a freeman of the city became a freewoman of the city on his death. Whilst this is a good thing for women, it carried the condition that she only retained this status as long as she stayed single. Whilst living with their husband women were expected to learn about his work in order for them to cover whilst their husband was away but also so that they could continue his business on his death. There are numerous cases in sources of women taking over the business of their husbands and in some instances continuing to train any apprentices their husband may have had. This can be used to show that women were not as restricted as they are often assumed to be. Widows seem to appear much more frequently in sources than married or single women. This is most likely to be due to the fact that they do no have a male to answer for them or to represent them. Males are frequently seen in documents and it is often argued that they took fines on behalf of their wives. This is mainly because a man was commonly seen as in charge of his wife and the family and therefore he was held responsible for anything which they did. Also, widows are commonly seen in court rolls seeking money or property owed to them, something which their husband would previously have done. This can be illustrated with the case of Alice de Perers of the city of London who sued Richard de Kent for 200 marks which she had lent him and not been returned. We can assume that Alice was a widow as she was representing herself in the court and was not presented as a ‘wife of someone else. However, whilst it is commonly thought that men were in control of their household, there are some who argue that they were in fact not in control at all. Historians such as Ward argue that the household was a place which women ruled. She argues that the running of the household and the care of the family within it took up a large amount of a womans time and that as well as this a woman should also be able to help her husband with his job. Historians such as Dyer however, argue that while a woman in the aristocracy would have been the effective head of household, the household itself was predominantly masculine. This can be illustrated by the amount of males employed within the upper class household, for example servants and officers. In comparison there were relatively few female employees. Dyer observes that a peasant woman was expected to manage her household, but that she could also choose to have her own employment as long as it was secondary to any household chores she was expe cted to complete. It can be construed that though men were perceived to be the head of the household it was in fact the women who were responsible for everything within it. It is important to realise that being a wife and a mother was often just part of the work which women were expected to undertake. In some cases they were also able to hold their own employment, as well as helping their husbands with their businesses. Therefore we can see that women could hold jobs both inside and outside of the home, both of which are important when looking at the contribution of women to the economy and whether or not their role has been undervalued by history. Work In The Home i. Textiles J. Ward has argued that when women were not engaged in work in the home they were able to hold occupations for which they were paid. She argues that whilst a woman was free to do this, not all did and the majority of those that were employed worked in industries similar to work which they would have been doing in the home. An industry which employed a large number of women was the textile industry. Women were able to spin, weave and embroider from their own home if they chose to, which enabled them to continue with their household duties. Also, the majority of women were unable to be engaged in any occupation significantly different to their duties in the home as they only received a very basic education, as well as having to fully utilise the skills which they had been taught by their mothers. There were of course exceptions to the above and they will be considered in turn. The textile industry was one which is evident in both the town and the countryside, though more predominantly in the countryside and smaller towns after the thirteenth century. Textile work was more notable in homes in the countryside but it was not unusual for a woman to move to the town and take her work with her. This is significant as historians such as Dyer have suggested that it was much harder to come across skilled textile work in the towns unless the woman in question was skilled and had the money required for all the necessary equipment. An interesting point to make here is that whilst men were limited to being able to participate in one industry, women could participate in two or three if she chose. It is therefore not uncommon to find women working as spinners and weavers for example. Ward continues her argument by suggesting that women were engaged in the textile trade purely to provide clothes for her family. This can be supported with Anthony Fitzherberts The Boke of Husbandry. Written in 1523 Fitzherbert outlines basic tasks expected of a wife in her home, but also within her work in and around the home. He outlines in great detail the importance of the textile industry and how a husband should have sheep of his own but ‘let his wife have part of the wool to make her husband and herself some clothes. This illustrates the argument that women were engaged in the textile industry purely to provide clothes for their families. However, other sources provide a different perspective. Women were referred to by their trade in court rolls if they were the head of the household, for example ‘Joan Spinster, ‘Agnes, servant of†¦. For them to be referred to as spinners as opposed to ‘his wife or ‘wife of, it can be assumed that they were engaging in a significantly larger amount of textile work than simply that required for their family. This of course would not have been the case for all women. Whilst textiles remained a main occupation of women until the late eighteenth century, it did have periods of decline within both the thirteenth century and the late mid to late fifteenth century. The decline in the market for textiles is illustrated by Weavers ordinances. Weavers ordinances show a declining market, as well as employment opportunities, as they were designed to go together with local monopolies on particular cloth. In some towns the monopoly stretched as far as to limiting each employer to one apprentice each. In the weavers ordinance of Shrewsbury from 1448 it describes how ‘no woman shall occupy the craft of weaving after the death of her husband except for one quarter of the year. This illustrates a distinct decline in the occupation, but can also be used to show that women were not as free to participate in an occupation as they maybe once seemed. It can also be used to suggest that widows were not as free as maybe once thought. As well as this it supports t he suggestion that women found it hard to move their craft from the countryside to the town unless they had significant amounts of money and they were highly skilled. It is possible that this was a minor cause in the decline in the textiles industry in the thirteenth century when cloth making originally took place for home and for export in larger towns but moved to taking place mainly in the countryside or smaller towns, with a distinct decline in exports. Despite this decline it has been estimated that in towns such as Babergh Hundred in Suffolk up to nineteen percent of the population was still employed within textiles, and this is not including the women who were part time spinners, who would have added a considerable amount to this. This illustrates how women were continuing to engage in textile work throughout the period. As mentioned previously, women were expected to fully understand the business of their husband so that they may take over in his absence or on his death. This is illustrated in the textile industry in the case of the will of John Walton, a weaver from York. He states that he leaves to ‘Margaret my wife my best woollen loom with those things to pertain it. This shows how women were able to take over the business from their husbands if necessary and therefore displays their capabilities. Wills such as these can also be used to show how women gained from their husbands only if they remained single. Women were able to retain freewoman status if their husband had been a freeman of the city, but only if they stayed single. The will of John Nonhouse, also from York, shows this to an extent. He states that ‘Isabel my wife has the said two looms with all he tools pertaining to them whilst sole. These two wills together show how women had the ability to continue work on their own a fter the death of their husband. They can however also be used to show how society had not fully accepted the majority of women who were working on their own. The absence of women from craft guilds can also be used to show the exclusion of women working on their own. The guild ordinances of York show us how ‘No woman of the said craft shall occupy the said craft after her husbands death longer than a whole year. This again illustrates the limitation of women on their own as opposed to those women who were married. It has often been argued by historians that it was the husband who gave the woman their social status and this supports the argument that single women were limited to crafts they could participate in. These factors together show how women were employed in the textiles industry throughout the Middle Ages. However, they also to an extent show how women were often employed and working as a result of their husband as while they may gain the equipment used in textiles after his death, they very rarely retained their position in the craft guild. This in turn made selling their products more difficult. Also, women participated in a larger amount of textile work than perhaps thought, although the sources to support this are fewer in number and within them it is difficult to find the women of the lower classes. ii. Agricultural Activity And Markets Throughout the Middle Ages farming was an important part of everyday life. The main priority when farming was not to produce for sale but to produce and provide for their own family, selling any excess they may have made. Women in the countryside and small sized towns were expected to help out on the land when they had completed their tasks in the home and the majority can be seen as capable of the agricultural tasks required of them. Farm work however did not produce a large amount of money as the majority of it was undertaken part time and the first objective was to feed the family. It is significant to note the way in which women contributed to agricultural work both before the Black Death and after it. This is due to the fact that the Black Death caused a great amount of changes to take place and this therefore impacted on women and their contribution. In the period before the Black Death it was common for members of peasant households to be called upon by the lord of the manor to carry out some agricultural work for him. Most peasants would carry out this work as they did receive payment for it, albeit a small one, but on some occasions it would not get done. This could be due to extensive amounts of work needing doing on their own land or in some case just choosing not to do it. Those individuals who did not work for the lord as required were called to court and fined. This can be seen in the manor of Walsham le Willows where ‘Christina Lene and Isabelle Spileman each amerced 3d. because they were summoned to winnow the lords corn†¦and did not come. This is significant as both of these being fined were women. Again it is possible to suggest that these women are either widows or are acting as head of their household while their husband is away. In either case it is a possibility that they did not winnow the lords corn a s they had too much work to complete in their own households or on their own land. A source which is of great importance when it comes to agricultural work is Walter of Henleys The Husbandry. Walter of Henley was an agricultural writer who wrote more than thirty sources on how to carry out agricultural procedures correctly. It also outlined what was expected of each person on the land. However, only ten of these sources give his name as the author and they have therefore caused much discussion amongst historians. The Husbandry was a highly read source. We know this due to the amount of copies of it which had been made, but also because of the amount of copies which have survived until today. Although it is thought that it was written around the 1250s it has caused much discussion amongst historians as to its original date. Despite this it remains a useful source for looking at agriculture in the Middle Ages. One part Walter of Henleys The Husbandry outlines the role of the dairymaid on the land. Women were mainly responsible for the poultry and the dairy of the land and so it can be argued that The Husbandry outlined their role in full as it would have the role of a man on the land. It states how ‘the dairymaid ought to look after all the small stock which are kept on the manor such as†¦geese†¦hens†¦chickens and eggs. It is arguable here that women were responsible for the livestock as the nurturing role required was similar to that they would have deployed in the home. These women who had been responsible for the dairy and poultry on the land were also often responsible for taking it to and selling it at the local market. Women of the manor could often be found selling cheese and poultry amongst other fresh produce. It is because of these trips to the local markets that we can see some of these women in coroners rolls. An example here is of Margaret Derbye of Bury, recorded in the Coroners rolls of Sussex in 1524. Margaret is recorded as ‘hurrying to Petworth market on horse and being thrown off of her horse. In the impact of landing on the groun d she injured her neck and died immediately. This case of a woman dying on her way to market shows how women were directly involved in the selling process. It also illustrates a womans contribution to not only maintaining the land but also making a profit from it. A further source of importance when looking at agriculture is Anthony Fitzherberts The Boke of Husbandry. As mentioned in chapter two, The Boke of Husbandry outlines basic expectations of a wife inside and outside of the home, amongst other things. Fitzherbert outlines how ‘it is a wifes occupation to winnow all kinds of grain, to make maltto make hay†¦ reap corn†¦and to go or ride to the market. This directly supports the point above where women can be seen in coroners rolls due to accidents on trips to local markets to sell their goods. The majority of the time it would be women from the countryside taking their goods into local towns to sell; however there would have been exceptions to this. This illustration of women from rural areas taking produce into the urban areas shows the difference between the rural and the urban. There were occasions where women can be seen to have been acting illegally when it came to markets and the buying and selling of goods. Agnes, wife to William Sandelere of Louth is an example of one of these women. She was called to the peace sessions of 1375 in Lincolnshire for being ‘a common forestaller of both salt and fresh fish at Louth. This can be used to argue that women would do things outside of their legal allowances to ensure that they made an extra income to support their family. Women can be seen in court rolls on numerous occasions both before and after the Black Death. In the manor of Ingoldmells women were often called to court for agricultural issues. One of these occasions is where Alan Polber complained that Agnes, the wife of Thomas Herward had stolen his crops. This illustrates that women were participating in agricultural work on the land, and can also be used to illustrate the notion that women did more agricultural work during the harvest. Another example here is of Beatrice Herward. She brings the issue to court that Alan Polber had beaten her and ‘struck her beasts. In this case Beatrice is found to be making a false claim. This not only shows that she was involved in agricultural work, but can also be used to suggest that she was a widow as she was the one to initiate the claim into the courts. The Black Death was a significant event in the middle ages, particularly for agriculture. From the time it first hit in 1347 until it eventually died out in 1351 the lives of both upper classes and lower classes were affected greatly. Perhaps a rather explicit change was the effect it had on the labour force in England. The Black Death caused more deaths in England than any previous famines had done. This meant that women could demand higher payment for goods and services as they were able to carry out more work, due to a lower number of people in the workforce. Before Black Death there had been a vast amount of people wanting work but this changed dramatically afterwards. Women were quick to fill in gaps in the workforce, carrying out a wide range of jobs. Goldberg refers to these women as a ‘reserve army. These women were able to demand a higher rate of pay than they had done previously due to the lack of labour. It is important to note however that women were the first to lo se out when the demand for labour returned to normal. It can therefore be seen that women were involved to quite a large extent in work on the land and in selling goods at local markets. Contemporary sources such as Walter of Henleys The Husbandry and Anthony Fitzherberts The Boke of Husbandry outline what was expected from a wife in regards to her work on the land. Court rolls help us to understand to an extent what women were doing in order to gain more of an income for her family. When looking at farming it appears that women added a great deal to this, especially during and in the short period after the Black Death. However, it is important not to forget that these women may have been small in number and also that as soon as labour supplies returned to their normal levels women were once again left out. iii. Domestic Service Throughout the Middle Ages a large section of urban society was made up of male and female servants. This number was significantly lower in rural areas due to the lower class status of the majority of the people who lived there. It is arguable that such a large proportion of women were engaged in domestic service because it was something which was almost identical to the work which they would have been doing in the home. Examples of female servants can be seen throughout the Middle Ages, along with the comparison of female servants to male servants. It is important to look at male as well as female servants here as they not only impacted on a womans home life but they also affected which jobs the women were able to be employed in. If there were a significant number of male servants it is arguable that not such a large number of female servants would be required. As well as this there were areas where male servants could be found employed and female servants not, for example elite hou seholds. This will be discussed later. Firstly, it is key to note that references made to female servants are not common. Ward has gone as far as to argue that it was more likely that a large number of women were slaves as opposed to servants. However, women servants can still be found in sources, even if it is to a lesser extent than their male counterparts. Arguably, female servants were less likely to be found in elite households than men. This could perhaps be pinned on the idea that male servants entered elite households to be apprenticed to a particular trade or skill, whereas women rarely entered for apprenticeships. This links back to the idea of women learning their key skills from their mothers in the home. A key point to make here is that women who were employed as servants were not always treated well. Although they were often given food and lodgings in return for their work, they still often received wages lower than male servants did. There were many cases of people being brought to court for mistreating their servants. John Catour of Reading, Berkshire went to court to complain against the way his daughter was being treated in her apprenticeship to Elis Mympe of London. It has been suggested that the apprenticeships of young girls to a trade or to be a servant were often periods of time much longer than necessary. This gives the impression that they may have been exploited as it can be argued that rather than spending all of the years learning the trade, they were in fact simply providing their master with cheap labour. A further example of servants being exploited can be seen when Margaret la Garnystere ‘brought action of trespass against Agnes, widow of Thomas Bagge†¦f or detaining their servant who was lent on March 23 to embroider until 13 April. In both of the above cases the courts reported that the females had been recovered. However, it is likely that a large proportion of these women would have been exploited for a considerable amount of time as the time of their apprenticeship may have been considered normal. It is however important to note that not all female servants would have been treated badly. There are numerous cases where servants were left goods in the wills of their masters. The three women serving Ellen Holgrate by her death in 1403 each received a cow as a thank you for helping her with her illness. This shows that whilst there were women who were being mistreated, there were also those who were valued in their occupation. It is also key to remember that whilst these women were working within a household they were gaining valuable skills which they could take back and utilise in their own homes. This is important when you consider that some servants were young, single women, but some servants were married women who lived apart from their families during service but eventually returned home. Therefore, whilst there were women engaged in domestic service it is difficult to tell exactly how many there were. There is evidence to suggest that women, both single and married, worked in the homes of others in order to gain an extra income for their family. There is also evidence to suggest that these women may have sometimes been mistreated, although this was not always the case and again, there is no suggestion as to how many women would have received poor treatment. All in all women did provide a good service as domestic servants, but it is important to remember that males also provided this service and women were consequently excluded from some aspects of it. Womens Work Outside Of The Home As we have seen previously, women could be found contributing to the economy in various ways from inside their homes. Women could often be found engaging in textile related activities as well as helping their husbands with any land they may have and selling produce at local markets. Women were expected to help their husbands in the running of their business so that they may take over in their absence or on their death. As well as this work women could also be seen participating in further occupations outside of household work and expectations. i. Brewing Brewing was an occupation which women could often be seen in. This was due to the fact that they could run their household as expected, but also take on a new type of work. At one stage women brewed the majority of the ale on sale in England. It is arguable that women were able to participate in brewing as ale was part of the staple diet in the Middle Ages and much of it was needed to sustain the population. Any ale a woman brewed was first provided to her family, and any surplus may have been sold after this. Surplus had to be sold soon after it was brewed as it took only a short period of time for ale to turn sour. It is because of the need for ale for everyday consumption that women who were brewing it were widespread across

Bipolar Disorder - Short Presentation :: essays research papers

Bipolar Disorder, also known as Manic Depression, involves episodes of mania and depression, with periods of stability. Manic episodes are characterized by elevated energy levels, restlessness, feeling of nothing can go wrong, and high self-confidence; while depressive episodes are the exact opposite: low energy, sluggish, sadness, and feeling of hopelessness. Occasionally, people suffering from Bipolar Disorder can suffer more severe symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking. Although they do not know the exact cause of Bipolar Disorder, researchers believe that biologic, genetic and environmental factors are all involved in causing and triggering episodes of the illness. Evidence suggests that an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain is the culprit. Episodes can last weeks or months. For two years I live with a 16 year-old girl named Nicole who had Bipolar Disorder. I witnessed several episodes ranging from calm to severe. A calm episode would usually consist of only the manic stage. She had about 7 calm episodes while she lived with me. In reality, calm episodes are just episodes caught in enough time so that an adjustment of her medication was able to stabilize her. In a more severe episode, Nicole would usually decline mentally over a 7-day period, at which point she would need to be hospitalized. Nicole’s behavior during a severe episode included wild mood swings: from extreme happiness to anger to sadness; disorganized thinking: she was unable to follow conversations, and would make inappropriate statements; and cutting depression: she tried to kill herself 4 times. Nicole’s illness affected her life completely. Having spent her most of her life in and out of hospitals she was unable to attend school on a regular basis. She had few friends because she was embarrassed to tell them about her condition. Nicole eventually left our house during a severe episode. She became paranoid that we were trying to control her. She packed all of her stuff and left to go live with her mother. We heard that she was hospitalized just 3 days later. She was in the hospital for 5 months, her longest stretch ever. I went and visited her in the hospital several times. I barely recognized her. She was not thinking clearly, delusional, and paranoid. When she was in â€Å"remission†, she was completely normal. Now, she couldn’t pay attention, was fidgety, and told me she was hearing voices again. As of October of 2001, Nicole is living in a halfway house because her illness is unable to be kept under control.

US Foreign Policy Essay -- American History, The Cold War

The contemporary foreign policy of the United States represents an evolving continuum of principles, conceptions and strategies that in part, derived from the particularistic American Cold War experience. As such, United States foreign policy is neither a static entity, nor is its intentions or direction uncontested. This essay will examine the underlying issues of identity and how, beginning with the Truman Doctrine, a distinct articulation of the national interest was evinced that has defined America’s role in the world. In doing so, focus will be given to the development of alliance policy, containment and its effect on transforming the US posture in the post-Cold War international order. Firstly, it is pertinent to reconsider the traditional narratives that underpin American identity. Inherent in this is Manifest Destiny, which asserts that Anglo-Saxon American’s are God’s chosen people, with a superior culture and who are pre-ordained to spread civilisation to inferior peoples (Hollander 2009, 169). This tradition offers instructive themes for the formulation of American exceptionalism and its manifestation into a missionary foreign policy (Hoffmann 1968, 369). It also raises to the forefront the Manichean character of American policy, its solipsism and tendency to justify geopolitical objectives in moralistic terms (Lepgold 1995, 372). Thus, US foreign policy is a discourse for reproducing American identity, containing threats to its core principles and legitimating global actions (Campbell 1998, 70). The Cold War era ended America’s historic vacillation between isolationism and internationalism. The Truman Doctrine committed, in part to â€Å"support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minoriti... ... rapidly evolving international system, the US is at the forefront and yet is most threatened by the emerging multipolar order (Zakaria 2009, 43). The contemporary foreign policy of the US reflects an evolution of the policies pursued during the Cold War. Using a combination of ideology, alliances and containment, the US cultivated a global order that defeated the Soviet Union. Having achieved pre-eminence, the signatures of these same philosophies remains embedded in US policy and strategic thinking. Perhaps the best indication of this is the designation of a new ideological enemy in terrorism and its resulting revalidation of Cold War dogma into a modern raison d'État. Most critically, the US is utilising this new calling to consolidate its alliances and contain adversaries in light of the emergence of an increasingly decentralised, multipolar global order.

Symbols and Symbolism in Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay -- Heart Dar

Use of Symbolism in Heart of Darkness       Joseph Conrad played a major role in the development of the twentieth-century novel.   Many devices that Conrad applied for the first time to his novels gained wide usage in the literary period he helped to create.   Perhaps the most effective of his pioneering techniques was his application of symbolism in his novels.   In Heart of Darkness, Conrad's symbolism plays a dominant role in the advancement of themes in the novel.   These themes are revealed not through plot, but instead through the symbolic characters and elements present in the narrative.   Joseph Conrad's use of symbolism in his portrayal of the Africans, the Company, and Kurtz in Heart of Darkness illustrates the value of had work and self-restraint.      Ã‚  Ã‚   The format of Heart of Darkness is a narrative of the ship captain Charlie Marlow's experiences in the Congo Free State, told to companions on a ship moored at the mouth of the Thames River, southeast of London.   As the vast majority of the text is the story told by Marlow, the reader is intimately acquainted with Marlow‚s opinions and judgments throughout his first-person account.   Thus the relationships between Marlow and other characters in the novel are of greater importance than the characters themselves.   The actions that Marlow takes notice of are used chiefly to serve a symbolic purpose rather than to advance the plot.   The flow of the novel itself is rough and illogical at times, as Marlow's chain of thought is not entirely chronological.   This is one stylistic technique that other authors of the twentieth century, particularly James Joyce and William Faulkner, would make greater use of in their literature (Jericho 23).      Ã‚  Ã‚   The first of the ma... ...ction is not as important as the effects of that action, a world that would be exploited in the years to come.    Works Cited: Conrad, Joseph Heart of Darkness and The Secret Sharer, 1902. Signet Classic, New York 1997. Jericho, Jeremy, Tessa Krailing Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness Barron's 1985.    Works Consulted: Adelman, Gary. Heart of Darkness: Search for the Unconscious. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1987. Fothergill, Anthony. Open Guides to Literature: Heart of Darkness. Philadelphia: Open University Press, 1989. Glassman, Peter J. Language and Being: Joseph Conrad and the Literature of the Personality. New York and London: Columbia: University Press, 1976. Tindall, W.Y. "The Duty of Marlow." In Conrad's Heart of Darkness and the Critics. Ed. Bruce Harkness. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company Inc., 1968.

Compare and Contrast the Characteristics of a Leader and Jesus Essay

What makes a leader? Power? Authority? Status? What characteristics make up a perfect leader? These are one of the hardest questions to have a clear answer as all people have different perspective and standard in the picture of a leader. The best answer only comes from the Words of God which is the Bible. It is only Jesus’ leadership which is true, honest and righteous. Jesus describes a leader like this: â€Å"You know that the rulers of the Gentiles lord it over them, and their high officials exercise authority over them. Not so with you. Instead, whoever wants to become great among you must be your servant, and whoever wants to be first must be your slave—just as the Son of Man did not come to be saved, but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many† (Matthew 20:25-28, NIV). Jesus’ life was pure, honest and humble. The reason He came down to earth giving up His throne was to save the people from their sins. He gave so many teachings and showed miracles to many people so that they could believe Him and follow His name. He respected others as well as little children and helped people become saved. The relationship of Jesus’ ways and the ways of the skills of normal leader are somewhat similar and different. There are some leaders who are sincere and faithful to his or her people but there are also leaders who are infamous and criticized because of poor leadership skills. The standard of having great leadership is different from Jesus and the world. First to explain the leadership skills of worldly leaders, there are some qualities of being a good leader. They are empathy, consistency, honesty, communication, flexibility, ability to delegate, confidence, commitment, positive attitude and lastly creativity. With these leadership skills, there would be no problem in running a company or leading a union, making lot of followers as well. The skills above show the best way to get along well with the followers. However, the most of the leaders find difficult having all these leadership skills as human by nature become Jesus, as a leader of the 12 disciples and thousands of people who followed him to hear his Words, he showed great skills of leadership and this is shown in the Bible, precisely in the Books of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. Some of his distinct actions that showed his teaching were the washing of the disciples’ feet. It is shown in John chapter 13 verses 1 to 20. Although he was in a position of a leader, he humbled himself and showed first to the disciples of how to serve. There are some leaders in the world who followed God’s way to be a leader. One example is Apostle Paul; I would say was a man in history who was very similar to Jesus’ leadership skills. He is one of the important characters who met Jesus personally and completely changed his life according to Jesus’ ways. Apostle Paul was a leader of many churches. He led his people quite differently from the leaders of the normal world today. Apostle Paul, not only served the members of the church by writing letters and spreading the gospel but also he put his leadership into action. He was suffered and persecuted by many gentiles and he tried to tell the truth just as he taught his people to always be faithful in God. Also his important aspect of being a leader like Jesus was praying for his people. Jesus prayed for his disciples and even in his crucifixion, He prayed to God to forgive all the people in the world (Luke 23:34, NIV). In the books of the Bible which Apostle Paul wrote, he greets in the letter by saying that he is praying for all the members of the church (Philippians 1:3~5, NIV). Another leader in the past whom many people admired and respected was Abraham Lincoln who was the President of America. He was a Christian who prayed for his people. He was not self centered but listened to others’ thoughts and opinions. He saw his country in many viewpoints so understood the people in different classes. He was always aware of his weaknesses and asked God to help and guide in whatever problems or situations he was in. He did not forget to share the happiness and grievances of any events that occurred in America. This showed that he was not just acting as a leader but involving all his citizens and letting them participate in his concerns. These are the examples of deal leaders who followed Jesus’ way. Although there were amazing leaders in the past that everyone admired, there were also leaders in the past who were infamous and blamed. Their leadership skills brought pain and suffering to many people. Kim Jung Il, North Korea’s president is one example that shows how he misused the leadership skills and made the North Koreans suffer with poverty. His worst leadership skill is having absolute authority. This totally goes against the characteristics of Jesus’ leadership. Jesus taught in his life to serve others first as a leader and be humble. This can also be seen in the Bible, it says â€Å"Humble yourselves before the Lord, and he will lift you up† (Jacob 4:10, NIV) â€Å"And the most proud shall stumble and fall, and none shall raise him up: and I will kindle a fire in his cities, and it shall devour all round about him† (Jeremiah 50:32, NIV). President Kim’s haughtiness of having all the authority eventually led the North Koreans suffer and die and also made the country be one of the worst countries in the world. He ruled the country all in his way and order; he received all the goods coming from the foreign countries which tried to help the poor North Koreans; he had serious nuclear obsession and used all the money in inventing new war weapons. He commanded all the North Koreans to worship and bow down before him only and no one else. Kim Jung Il had no leadership skills of serving others, having good communication, and he tried to ignore the conditions of his people. In conclusion, although leading like Jesus can seem the hardest way, it is the real true way to be a leader. There are many aspects in worldly leadership skills which are important and helpful, however I believe that is not the ultimate skill to be a good leader. Just as Jesus showed us through His life of how to live like God’s children as a role of leader, we have to try hard to act in that way so that we could be a true leader who helps the follower go in a correct direction. Jesus’ main emphasis was being a humble leader, serving others first before being served. I believe this is correct that leaders should be examples first before just demanding the followers to do it.