Cryonics Essays - Emerging Technologies, Cryonics, Life Extension

Cryonics Cryonics What is cryonics? If you ask that question to most people, they would not have a clue. Cryonics is not very popular yet, but interest in cryonics has increased since the process was pioneered in 1967 by James H. Bedford. To be specific, cryonics is the controversial practice of freezing the remains of people whom doctors and the rest of the world consider dead, in the hopes of reviving them when medical technology can cure what ails them. The procedure itself features a very long and sometimes complicated process. First, when the person is considered clinically dead, a team of specialists goes in and hooks the person up to a heart and lung resuscitator. Then, they begin to cool down the body with ice. Because the body is cooling at the rate of several degrees Celsius per second, there is little or none damage done to the cells. Third, they take the blood out of the body and replace it with an antifreeze substance. Next, the person is injected with drugs to slow down the metabolism of the brain and protect the cells from intense freezing. Then, the body is wrapped in a very well insulated sleeping bag and finally an aluminum outer covering. Lastly, the body is placed in a dewar, which is a big steel c ontainer filled with liquid nitrogen at the temperature of 196 degrees Celsius below zero, where the body remains. There are many things that show the increase of cryonics. First, as of 1995, commercial cryonicists have signed up about 1,000 customers; another sixty have already been frozen. Many people who have signed up are afraid dying, others want to see the future, and others want to see what will come about from all the improvements that have been made in medicine. Another reason is that people are just interested in the whole concept of cryonics. Lastly, the cryonic suspension procedure is becoming more advanced and so more people are deciding on having the procedure performed on them when they die. There are also some problems. One is that the cryonics companies are dealing with legal trouble and could be dealing with bankruptcy. Another is that the prices are very high, with prices ranging from $28,000 to $125,000 for a whole body suspension and $45-50,000 for a head-only suspension (neurosuspension). Because most of the cryonics companies are in California, damage to the storage tanks from an earthquake is a big concern. The idea of cryonics also raises some moral and religious questions. If cryonics works, people centuries from now might not want to resuscitate the frozen. The biggest problem with cryonics is that there has not been an actual reanimation, which means bringing someone back to life, and so no one knows if it will ever work. According to the experts, they predicted that the first person to be brought back to life after being frozen and thawed would be in 1992. That has not yet happened. My personal prediction is that it will take a couple of decades. I say that because in order for someone to be brought back to life, a cure for whatever ailed them would have to be discovered. Also, a body, whether it be robotic or cloned, would have to be found for a frozen head and that might be hard. I say that it will happen in approximately 2026, if it happens at all. There are some benefits to cryonics. One spin-off effect would be genetic cloning. Scientists are hoping to genetically clone a body for the frozen heads before they can be thawed. Secondly, cures must be found in order for people to be reanimated. That would not only benefit the people cryonically suspended, but anyone else with the disease. If cryonics works, the world's greatest minds could forever be saved. Lastly, cryonics would essentially become a form of time travel. Someone could be in the twenty-first century one minute, and the twenty-fourth century the next. Even though there are some spin-offs, there are also some ripple effects. One of the worst ripple effects could be premortem suspension. In premortem suspension, people are frozen before their actual death. Another could be fraudulent practices by cryonics companies in which they freeze someone, take the money,

Why Acute Angles Are Less Than 90 Degrees

Why Acute Angles Are Less Than 90 Degrees In geometry and mathematics, acute angles are angles whose measurements fall between 0 and 90 degrees or has a radian of fewer than 90 degrees. When the term is given to a triangle as in an  acute triangle, it means that all angles in the triangle are less than 90 degrees. It is important to note that the angle must be less than 90 degrees to be defined as an acute angle. If the angle is 90 degrees exactly, though, the angle is known as a right angle, and if it is greater than 90 degrees, it is called an obtuse angle. The ability of students to identify the different types of angles will greatly help them in finding the measurements of these angles as well as the lengths of the sides of shapes that feature these angles as there are different formulas students can use to figure out missing variables. Measuring Acute Angles Once students discover the different types of angles and begin to identify them by sight, its relatively simple for them to understand the difference between acute and obtuse and be able to point out a right angle when they see one. Still, despite knowing that all acute angles measure somewhere between 0 and 90 degrees, it may be difficult for some students to find the correct and precise measurement of these angles with the help of protractors. Fortunately, there are a number of tried and true formulas and equations for solving for missing measurements of angles and line segments that make up triangles. For equilateral triangles, which are a specific type of acute triangles whose angles all have the same measurements, consists of three 60 degree angles and equal length segments on each side of the figure, but for all triangles, the internal measurements of the angles always add up to 180 degrees, so if one angles measurement is known, its typically relatively simple to discover the other missing angle measurements. Using Sine, Cosine, and Tangent  to Measure Triangles If the triangle in question is a right angle, students can use trigonometry in order to find the missing values of the measurements of angles or line segments of the triangle when certain other data points about the figure are known. The basic trigonometric ratios of sine (sin), cosine (cos), and tangent (tan) relate a triangles sides to its non-right (acute) angles, which are referred to as theta (ÃŽ ¸) in trigonometry. The angle  opposite  the right angle is called the hypotenuse and the other two sides  that form the right angle are known as the legs. With these labels for the parts of a triangle in mind, the three trigonometric ratios (sin, cos, and tan) can be expressed in the following set of formulas: cos(ÃŽ ¸)   adjacent/hypotenusesin(ÃŽ ¸)   opposite/hypotenusetan(ÃŽ ¸)   opposite/adjacent If we know the measurements of one of these factors in the above set of formulas, we can use the rest to solve for the missing variables, especially with the use of a graphing calculator which has a built-in function for calculating sine, cosine, and tangents.

Terrorism and the Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Terrorism and the Law - Essay Example As amended by IRTPA in December 2004 AEDPA section 2339B(a) defines material support as â€Å"any property, tangible or intangible or service, including money, financial services, lodging, training, expert advice or assistance, safehouses, false documentation or identification, communication equipment, facilities, weapons, lethal substance, explosives, personnel, transportation, and with the exemption of medicine or religious materials (Samaha 468). The government must be able to prove that the â€Å"donor defendant acted with culpable intent knowledge† so as it is safe to say that such individual has provided material support to a terrorist organization (Samaha 468). 2. Terrorism is defined by at least four different kinds of laws. Name at least three kinds of laws. There are varying definitions of terrorism which makes it controversial and it is defined by different kinds of laws such as the following: International criminal law, National criminal law (e.g. United States La w Code), and general insurance policies. 3. The United Nations, The Arab Convention and European Convention define terrorism differently. Explain each definition. The United Nations The United Nations and the council on the suppression of terrorism seek to define it by adopting general legislative measures against it which results in serious legal consequences. As a result of this, the United Nations is encouraging every state to define terrorism in the context of National Law (Saul 141). The Arab Convention, On the other hand, the Arab Convention is very particular in excluding armed struggle against oppression from the definition of terrorism and its suppression. The threat to the right of securing self-determination and independence which can be counteracted by an armed struggle in whatever means is particularly excluded in the definition of terrorism (Williamson 59). This, therefore, paves the way for the difficulty in coming up with a universal definition of terrorism. European Convention European Convention on the other hand on its suppression of terrorism encourages States to consider terrorism and its acts not as political offenses or as being inspired by political motives (Dumitriu 587). 4. Yunis, Noriega, and Yousef were progressive rulings on extraterritorial jurisdiction. In a few sentences, what does each case stand for? Why are they considered progressive rulings? The US District Court decision of United States vs. Yunis case stands for the acceptance of certain principles of extraterritorial jurisdiction allowing prosecution of terrorists in the United States (Wegner). In other words, the said case has become the model for the prosecution of terrorists in the US courts. The Noriega case depicts how the head of the state can be brought before trials in the US courts. In the midst of this trial, Noriega case can substantially apply three types of immunity: foreign sovereign immunity, head of state immunity, and the act of state immunity. The case of Yousef, on the other hand, depicts the clash between the Iran Penal Code and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. These two have certain principles that at some point would bring substantial consideration to the progress of the case. These three are considered progressive rulings because from time to time, various modifications, amendments or changes have been implemented on various laws in the world.  

Argument in favor of Holistic Therapy for Lung Cancer Patients Essay

Argument in favor of Holistic Therapy for Lung Cancer Patients - Essay Example The holistic therapy focuses on five aspects of life that contribute to persons’ sense of well being, namely physical, social, spiritual, emotional, and intellectual (St. John, 2009). To have a better understanding of the benefits and advantages of CAM over conventional medicines (specifically chemotherapy), three arguments will be created to support Holistic Therapy. Chemotherapy is a method of treatment wherein anticancer drugs are administered to the bloodstream usually via IV infusion, with some that can be taken by mouth. The treatment not only affects rapidly multiplying cancer cells but also has adverse effects with healthy multiplying cells (Rothenflue, 2010). Focusing on the chemotherapy for lung cancer, the treatment has inherent side effects that can cause temporary as well as permanent damage to the patient. This side effect includes the reduction of healthy blood cells that lead to vulnerability to infections, bruises and bleeding, and the constant feeling of weakness and fatigue. It may also permanently damage the cells in hair roots; even if hair grows back after treatment, the color and texture would be different. The anticancer drug can also harm the cells in the digestive tract that leads to loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, or mouth and lip sores. Side effects become even worse when radiation therapy is taken at the same period (Rothenflue, 2010). For the first argument, it is evident that conventional medicines are detrimental to the physical and emotional well-being of the patient. The invasive nature of chemotherapy makes holistic therapy more appealing to cancer patients, with current studies indicating that increasing number of cancer patients have undergone at least one alternative treatment. The most common CAM treatment is the use of vitamin and mineral supplements, which is intended to strengthen the patients’ immune system and to

Leadership in organisations (Reflective journal assignment) Essay

Leadership in organisations (Reflective journal assignment) - Essay Example Similarly, while it’s important to recognize one’s weaknesses as a leader, I also believe that it’s important to recognize one’s strengths and play into them and work towards further strengthening these aspects of one’s personality. In these regards, I scored fives in the trustworthy, outgoing, and friendly categories. In these regards, I will attempt to cultivate these traits in becoming a more effective leader. In examining my personal assessment scores on the page 64 questionnaire I found it illuminating in terms of the comparisons that can be made among the divergent skills. In these regards, my Technical Skill score was 21, while my Human Skill score was 28, and my Conceptual score 19. Similar to the questionnaire on page 34 these varying scores function to demonstrate areas to me wherein I can work to improve my weaknesses; clearly my Conceptual score is significantly lower than my Human Skills score. While I recognize that it’s important to work towards improving one’s weaknesses, I also believe these scores can be used in leadership when it comes to delegation. A strong leader will have a working knowledge of themselves and areas where it would be more beneficial to the objective to delegate these responsibilities to others. Finally, the questionnaire on page 85 gave me increased self-knowledge into my leadership traits, as well as others perception of me. In these questionnaires I scored in the moderately high range for Tasks with a 39 score, and then scored in the high range for Relationships with a score of 42. While both of these scores relatively high, I recognize that they both leave room for improvement. They also speak towards my type of leadership style in indicating that I tends more towards relationship oriented leading, than simple task based. In these regards, I could change the style by

Issues in the Construction of the Scottish Parliament

Issues in the Construction of the Scottish Parliament Introduction This report intends to answer how a national iconic project turned into â€Å"a hugely expensive and politically embarrassing fiasco?† (Fortescue, 2004) by analyzing the reasons that led to delay, cost overrun and quality issue in construction of new Scottish Parliament Building. This report has utilized the researches available on the internet, auditors report and other articles available from varied sources. This report will start by introduction to the background of Scottish Parliament project and will continue by discussing the reason for delays and cost increases, role of the project management and at the end concluding the lessons learned from this project. The reason for selection of this project is that the Scottish Parliament building was estimated to be completed in  £40m but finished at over  £400m which is an interesting parameter to study (BBC, 2004). Background to the Scottish Parliament Project: After the referendum in 1997, Scottish parliament was established as a devolved legislature by Scotland Act 1998. Thereafter, Donald Dewar, Secretary of Scotland state adjudicated to have a purpose built facility to accommodate the Parliament in the Edinburgh city. After having a chaotic journey to completion, Scottish parliament Complex was inaugurated on 9 Oct 2004 by Queen Elizabeth II. Remarkable features of the complex consist of leaf-shaped buildings, flipped over boat shaped roof, a grass-roofed division meeting into adjacent parkland and gabion walls made from the stones. All over the building there are various repeated motifs. Scottish parliament is a complex building comprising of new and old buildings such as Dewar room, Canon gate building, Debating chamber, Garden lobby, MSP building, Media tower, Main hall, Tower building, and Queensberry house. All of these buildings were renovated or constructed as per Architects vision. High end materials like Granite, Cattiness Ston e, Oak Timber, Sycamore Timber, Steel Glass and Marble was used in the construction. Detailed environment and sustainability study was carried out which confirmed that propose built complex is environment friendly (Fraser, 2004). Brief summary of the Project: Road to Holyrood Site Selection: To begin with, Edinburgh City Council provided a long list of 27 sites in Edinburgh. In September 1997 officials short listed three leading options: two new build options, either at Leith or Haymarket, or adapting and developing the existing St Andrews House building (old Royal high school). At this stage, an engineer Jones Lang Wootton was engaged by the Scottish office to viably evaluate the acquisition costs of the shortlisted sites. Measurements of environmental issue and traffic issue were also considered at this point. Haymarket was never considered as preferred option and officials sensed real hostility in Edinburgh to house the Parliament anywhere except centrally thus reducing the chances of Leith (Auditor General, 2000). The Holyrood site was not considered at this stage as it was occupied by Scottish and Newcastle brewery and was anticipated that it would not be completed within the required deadline. However, an accidental meeting of a civil servant on train with an official of Newcastle and subsequent negotiations resulted in the company demonstrating that they would evacuate the site in early 1999. As a consequence, on 8th December Holyrood was short-listed, and design and cost viability studies undertaken. Davis, Langdon and Everest (DLE) , Cost Consultants were commissioned to provide initial cost estimate for proposed sites and the Holyrood site was selected in early 1998 from the shortlist based on the following cost estimate (Auditor General,2000).: Design Selection: Once, the location was finalized the Scottish Office announced an international competition to acquire a designer for a new-fangled building to accommodate the parliament through a competitive selection procedure. The competition was suitably setup with a press release on 26 January 1998. The final design teams named on 7th May 1998 providing the project cost as being in the range of  £50 million excluding VAT (Fraser, 2004). Under the chairmanship of Dewar, a design committee was allotted to choose from a shortlist of designer. Conceptual designs were cost and displayed for public to view and provide their opinion. Feedback from the public depicted that the Catalan architect Enric Miralles designs were one of the most popular. The design team considered public opinion on the designs, and on 6 July 1998 the Enric Miralles‘s design was selected, with work being awarded to a Spanish Scottish design company namely EMBT/RMJM (Scotland) Ltd, exclusively created for the project. Construction management system of procurement was adopted and BLL was appointed as construction manager. In June 1999, construction commenced, by demolishing the Scottish and Newcastle brewery and opening the foundation work (The royal society of Edinburg, 2001). Journey of Estimate: The construction of the Scottish Parliament Complex generated controversy in several aspects. Spiraling costs and the use of public capital to fund the project rendered most controversy. By early 2004, the project was estimated to be  £430m, some ten times higher. In my opinion it is not fair to compare final figure with initial figure of  £10m as it was never an estimated price but an indicative one (Fraser, 2004). Time delay and cost overrun From the beginning, the complex and its construction have been controversial. For instance, Auditor General of Scotland expressed â€Å"in the recent history of Scotland there has not been public building project as complex or as difficult to deliver as the Holyrood Project† (Prasser, S., n.d.). Almost all aspect such as location, design, architect, construction management company, project manager all have been criticized by different factions namely, politician, media and general public. Due to complexity of the project, it is very difficult to single out one reason for delay and cost overrun but infect it was compound and interaction of many factors that resulted in delay and cost overrun (Fraser, 2004). Location: Selection of Holyrood to be the seat of parliament has contributed to delay and cost overrun. Holyrood was not an easy area to work due to the approach and being located in populated area. The selection of Holyrood added  £4.5m to the project being the cost for site acquisition and clearing. As the table1.1 (Fraser, 2004) shows, according to the costing done by DLE Holyrood was not economically attractive. Design and Design Development Factor: Main cause of the delay to the project was from Sept2000 due to the production of detailed design variations and the late supply of information during the construction process (Auditor General, 2004). Construction started in June1999 but Stage D design was approved after a year. Everyone anticipated that this will put an end too uncertainly and provide some sort of anchorage for the project but it did not happen. The project was densely populated, unusual and complex and was pitted against tight deadline. In some cases, trade contractors were responsible for part design but both the architects and some trade contractors failed to deliver some critical elements on time. Design development process added another  £80m to the cost of project. It is a process of bringing approved design to detailed design. This process runs parallel to Tendering and award of work packages and subsequent work on site. From 2000 onward, client didnt change its requirements significantly but the cost of br inging envisioned design to reality escalated (Black, 2004). Increase in area: after several revisions and new requirement were incorporated, total area reached from 16000.00 m2 to 31,000.00 m2 resulting in an increase of 47% and consequently effecting schedule and cost of the project. Building users brief prepared by the authorities substantially underestimated the requirements which resulted in various revisions and thus increase in area. For instance, Mr. Stewart said that the original estimate was â€Å"absolutely, too optimistic for a public building of this nature† (Fraser, 2004). The experience and expertise in construction management was not fully developed and was not present in the early stages of development. Procurement vehicle: In 1998, Civil servants opted for fast track method known as construction management form of procurement to build the parliament complex (Fraser, 2004). It works by fragmenting complete job into several small packages that are awarded, monitored and designed independently of one another. Its advantage is that the overall design doesnt have to be complete at the start of building works. In this form of contract, risk stays with the client, which is responsible for management of each individual work package-in this case around 60. However, after keeping in mind importance and urgency of the project, construction management procurement was the only viable option available. For instance, Harry Thorburn articulated, â€Å"The reality is that construction management was the only contract option for a client wanting to make an early start on a project that was still at the design concept stage† (Fortescue, S. 2004). Communication and coordination was another issue which added to the foes of already troubled project. Fraser (2004) reports that there was a lack of communication, coordination and understanding between stakeholders, for example, resolution of many design issues was delayed due to misunderstanding and lack of communication between RMJM EMBT. Landscaping is although minor part of overall figure, still it reflects failure of system. Cost of landscaping amounting to  £ 14 m came to the surface and was added when the project was well underway during autumn 2001 (Fraser, 2004). Schedule: Time-table for completion by project management was very demanding and idealistic rather than realistic. Construction manger consistently tried to achieve the set target but failed. According to Auditor Generals report (2004), schedule set in Sept 2000 for completion by December 2002 was probably unachievable. Proper EU guidelines and procedures were not followed for appointment of Bovis Lend and Lease as construction manager. BLL was not the lowest, yet they were awarded. BLLs contract was supposed to be converted to Lump sum after finalization of cost plan but was not done. Conversion of fees would have provided a powerful incentive to Bovis to apply maximum rigor in relation to cost control. No system was devised and implemented neither for performance measurement nor for cost reporting, analysis and financial control. Queensberry House proved to be the most costly item, in terms of cost per square meter (Fraser, 2004). However, Queensberrys cost was comparatively minor in context of the full cost of the Project at completion. Golden triangle of quality time and cost was ignored and quality was preferred against time and cost, time was preferred against cost. The undue importance given to time and quality resulted in escalated cost. Security issue and 9/11 factor also played an important role in delay and spiraling cost of the project. Fraser in his inquiry agrees that security bill amounted to  £29.11. Design of anti-blast measures causes a sum of  £17.54m and delay associated with blast causes additional sum of  £11.57m. Another major factor to be recognized was constructing a very complex, unusual building, visionary architecture was difficult to bring to reality. The Debating chamber roof, for example, was an extremely challenging task both for designers and builders (Fraser, 2004). Proper risk analysis and cost management studies were not done. At the early stage of decision making, no independent professional project management company was involved to advise the client. Role of Project Management Role of Project management is to deliver the project on time, within budget and with acceptable quality (Fraser, 2004). In this case, Project management provided an exceptional complex of high quality but failed miserable in context to cost and time. Black (2004) criticized performance of the project management or officials responsible for delivering the project. Decision making process and control over project was not clearly recognized along with lack of leadership. Normally project director is responsible for leadership and control, client delegates the authority to project director to render the project. Here, project director should have had clear responsibility in making decisions on balancing time, cost and quality/performance of the project. Auditor General (2004) affirmed that the client (the Parliament) did not clearly establish leadership and control of project. Leading parties could not agree on cost plan which was a missing link in effective project management, a draft plan was made in late 2000, that was an indicator of the costs instead of available estimate of the cost. Under construction management, design was vague and deficient initially, therefore the risks remained with the client (Fig 1.1). Project management selected a high risk route but failed to manage it properly. Risk accounting was insufficient in early stages and there was no quantified allowance for risk facing the project. Initially project management did introduce a process for quantifying risk and conducted some reviews but the general approach was to accept the cost increase and increase in the forecast as risk materialized. No system or forceful action was adopted to reduce the increase in cost (Fraser, 2004). Project management did not fully implement cost reporting and financial controls. Regular reporting of the total estimated costs of the project only started in July 2003(Black, 2004). Earlier financial reporting was neither comprehensive nor systematic. Once, the overall budget constraint of  £195m was removed by Parliament in June 2001, management did not establish an alternative budget which gave them liberty to achieve high quality and tight deadlines without due considerations of cost implications (Black, 2004; Fraser 2004). Conclusion Project management plays an important role in the success of mega and prestigious projects. Construction of Scottish parliament has put a negative mark on the role of project management. Delay and cost overrun of the project cannot be attributed to the failure of project management only, Fraser (2004) in his inquiry stated that it was the result of systematic failure and it is difficult to single out one villain. Also, there were several mistakes but the biggest one was involved in Procurement system. They were interconnected, increased exponentially, and had a rippling effect which was visible all throughout the period of construction. Despite of all the problems, Scotland has got an architectural gem; its an iconic building representing the land. In few years, the people of Scotland will be as proud of it as the people of Sydney are of Opera House, which was also an example of project failure when it was built (Australian Government Department, 2006; Mosaic Projects, n.d.). The entire project should have agreed project budget and proper set of performance indicators. Proper benchmarking should be done to measure the performance. If, competition is commissioned for selection of design, proper evaluation of pre qualification must be done and compatibility of working cultures should be considered. While selecting the design, attention should be paid to cost and execution problems that may arise due to complexity of design. Procurement route must always be chosen with care coupled with comprehensive evaluation. Construction management procurement route should be used rarely for public projects. Before construction starts adequate time should be available for the planning stage. As Fraser (2004) reports that investing time initially, to develop complete definitions reduces the chance of changes later. Good planning will involve (a) right sequence of construction to avoid delays and extra costs, (b) risk management (c) using value management to evaluate the role of each element of the construction processes (Black, 2004) (d) Selection of proper planning system â€Å"There must always be sufficient time for procurement to allow the clients requirements to be adequately defined so that it may obtain fixed and firm prices for the work in a competition† (Black, 2004). In all projects, performance payment incentives system should be initiated for contractors to perform against targets for quality, time and cost. Clearly defined duties and single point of leadership with explicit authority and responsibility should be ensured. Strong system of reporting and transparent channels of communication must be devised. It is essential that full contracts, guarantees and bond should be secured to prevent the risk. Early involvement of contractors in design phase might help in solving the problems later on. Concurrent engineering should be carried out to avoid complications during execution. Safety measures needs to be a considered as an integral part. In this particular case, no one would have anticipated the impact of 9/11. So it is better to have some contingency plan in place to tackle unforeseen events. Bibliography: Auditor General (2004). ‘Management of the Holyrood building project prepared for the Auditor General for Scotland Project overview, the reason for later delivery and increased costs, project management and control. Chapters 1-5., pp 1-92. Available from: http://www.audit-scotland.gov.uk/docs/central/2004/nr_040629_holyrood_project.pdf [Accessed: 2nd April 2010]. Auditor General (2000). ‘The new Scottish Parliament building an examination of the management of the Holyrood building project prepared for the Auditor General for Scotland. Available from: http://www.audit-scotland.gov.uk/docs/central/2000/nr_000919_new_parliament_building.pdf [Accessed: 3rd April 2010]. Australian Government Department (2006). ‘Sydney Opera House Nomination by the govt of Australia. Available from: http://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/uploadedFiles/About_Us/Ad_Hoc_Information_Pages/WorldHeritageNominationDocument.pdf [Accessed 8th April 2010] BBC (2004). ‘Timeline: Holyrood. Available from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/3210729.stm [Accessed: 2nd April 2010]. Black, R. (2004). ‘Presentation by the Auditor General for Scotland, Robert Black to the Audit Committee of the Scottish Parliament, on his report, Managing of the Holyrood building project Available from: http://www.audit-scotland.gov.uk/docs/central/2004/nr_040629_holyrood_projec_statement_pr.pdf. [Accessed: 4th April 2010] Black R. (2004) ‘Audit Scotland. Available from: http://www.audit-scotland.gov.uk/publications/pdf/2004/04pf07ag.pdf [Accessed: 4th April 2010] Black R. (2004) ‘Audit committee official report 29 June 2004 Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/business/committees/audit/or-04/au04-1402.htm [Accessed: 4th April 2010] Edinphoto (n.d.). ‘Scottish Parliament Complex at Holyrood. Available from: http://www.edinphoto.org.uk/0_edin_t/0_edinburgh_transport_buses_terminus_36_holyrood_024373.htm [Accessed: 2nd April 2010] Fortescue, S. (2004). ‘The  £431 million question. Available from: http://www.pennwood.org.uk/Level%20Four/L402/Holyrood%20example.pdf [Accessed: 3rd April 2010] Fortescue, S. (2004). ‘The  £431 million question supply management. Available from: http://www.supplymanagement.com/analysis/features/2004/the-431-million-question/ [Accessed: 3rd April 2010] Fraser, R. H. L. (2004). ‘A Report by the Rt Hon Lord Fraser of Carmyllie QC on his Inquiry into the About Holyrood Project. SP Paper 205. Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-00.htm [Accessed: 2nd April 2010]. Fraser, R.H.L. (2004). ‘Events Prior to 1 May 1997. Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-02.htm. [Accessed: 2nd April 2010] Fraser, R.H.L. (2004). ‘White Paper to the Passing of the Scotland Act 1998. Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-03.htm [Accessed: 2nd April 2010] Fraser, R.H.L. (2004). ‘Selection of the Holyrood Site. Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-04.htm [Accessed: 2nd April 2010] Fraser, R.H.L. (2004). ‘Appointment of the Architect Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-05.htm [Accessed: 2nd April 2010] Fraser, R.H.L. (2004). ‘The Evolution of the Building User Brief. Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-06.htm [Accessed: 2nd April 2010] Fraser, R.H.L. (2004). ‘Construction Management. Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-07.htm [Accessed: 2nd April 2010] Fraser, R.H.L. (2004). ‘The Appointment of the Construction Manager. Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-08.htm [Accessed: 2nd April 2010] Fraser, R.H.L. (2004). ‘Project Management 1998 to 1 June 1999. Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-09.htm [Accessed: 2nd April 2010] Fraser, R.H.L. (2004). ‘The Project from Handover to February 2000. Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-10.htm [Accessed: 2nd April 2010] Fraser, R.H.L. (2004). ‘Early 2000 and the Establishment of the Holyrood Progress Group. Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-11.htm [Accessed: 2nd April 2010] Fraser, R.H.L. (2004). ‘The Holyrood Project June to December 2000 -Stage D The Cost Plan. Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-12.htm [Accessed: 2nd April 2010] Fraser, R.H.L. (2004). ‘The Project from Late 2000. Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-13.htm [Accessed: 2nd April 2010] Fraser, R.H.L. (2004). ‘Planning, Queensberry House and the Role of Historic Scotland. Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-14.htm [Accessed: 2nd April 2010] Fraser, R.H.L. (2004). ‘Programming and Design Delay- Factual Background- Construction Manager. Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-15.htm [Accessed: 2nd April 2010] Fraser, R.H.L. (2004). ‘Security Issues. Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-16.htm [Accessed: 2nd April 2010] Fraser, R.H.L. (2004). ‘The Holyrood Project from Autumn 2003 Onwards. Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-17.htm [Accessed: 2nd April 2010] Meredith, J.R. Mantel, S.J. (2006). ‘Project management a managerial approach 6th edition. John Wiley sons, New York. Mosaic Projects (n.d.). ‘Avoiding the successful failure. Available from: http://www.mosaicprojects.com.au/PDF_Papers/P046_Successful_Failure.pdf [Accessed: 8th April 2010]. Prasser, S. (n.d.). ‘Parallels with Overseas Experience: The Holyrood Building Project, Scotland Overcoming the White Elephant Syndrome in Big and Iconic Projects in the Public and Private Sectors. Available from: http://epress.anu.edu.au/anzsog/imp/mobile_devices/ch05s07.html [Accessed: 4th April 2004] Project Management Institute (2004). ‘A guide to Project Management Body of Knowledge third edition (PMBOK Guides). Project Management Institute. Newtown Square. USA.:Philadelpia. Roberts, D (2003). ‘MSP says Holyrood builders are left idle Available from: http://www.scotsman.com/politics/MSP-says-Holyrood-builders-are.2459894.jp [Accessed: 4th April 2010]. Supply management.com (2004). ‘The  £431 million question. Available from: http://www.supplymanagement.com/analysis/features/2004/the-431-million-question/ [Accessed: 3rd April 2010] Scottish Parliament, (2001). ‘The Scottish Parliament building. Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/business/research/pdf_res_notes/rn01-64.pdf. [Accessed: 5th April 2010] The royal society of Edinburg (2001). ‘Engineering the Scottish Parliament building. Available from: http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/events/reports/2000-2001/rae_01.pdf [Accessed: 4th April 2010] The Scottish Government (2007). ‘The government economic strategy. Available from: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/202993/0054092.pdf. [Accessed: 3rd April 2010] Westland, J. (2006). ‘The Project Management Life Cycle. London: Kogan Page.

In Defense of the Study of Cryonics Essay -- Healthcare, Science

Ferraris, Corvettes, large estates, gold dusted ice creams, or even hundred dollar socks all have something in common: they are all luxurious desires. However is cryonics, the process of preserving one's body for the hopes of future medical treatments to save, a mere luxury? Can no one find a real need to utilize cryonics? Does cryonics have any intrinsic value to society as a whole? Many believe that cryonics is just an â€Å"indulgence [for] rich people† (Alcor). Cryonics, in fact, can do much more than fulfill one's self interest. Cryonics is the process in which anti-freeze like liquid is circulated through the body and then frozen in order to preserve a human body at low temperatures for an indefinite amount of time. The frozen body can then be brought back and worked on if medicine advances to the point of reviving a dead body. Cryonics, including the money and research gained through it, can help beyond the individual and all the way to the advancement of the field of medicine. The problem with cryonics, however, is not cryonics itself but the lack of knowledge of the benefits of it. Due to this lack of knowledge, many people develop negative views on cryonics which include the assumption that cryonics is primarily self-indulgent, as stated above. These negative views, which have been around since the very beginning, allow for the dismissal of cryonics as a luxury that can be defined simply as â€Å"the preservation of dead bodies† and, as a result, many are turned off by it and its principles (Alcor). If this problem persists, not only does the field of cryonics suffer, the medical field does to. By utilizing techniques found in cryonics, certain aspects of the medical field can advance at the same rate as cryonics. The solut... ...l, the public will gain knowledge that is often neglected when the opposition talks against cryonics: that of the benefits of cryonics. Additionally, negative views on cryonics will be amended through an increase of knowledge in cryonics and, ultimately, cryonics will gain more supporters. If a gain in supporters of cryonics occurs, more research and money can be put into advancing the techniques of cryonics. As a result of this, other disciplines of medicine, such as organ transplanting, can utilize techniques in cryonics and further develop their own methods to benefit society. Nothing should be judged without having all the information about it presented, cryonics is no exception. Make this education available, and much more comprehensive views will be gained. Don't you think it's time to stop focusing on the negativity and start learning about the benefits?

Frankenstein and Monster Essay

In the society we live in, it is apparent that we as humans have a sense of power over all other living species. We have the ability to house-train a cat, teach a dog to guide the blind, or kill a rabid animal if we feel threatened. It is our ability to think and act upon our thoughts after deliberation that allows to us to rein over the animal world. In Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, Shelley examines how being human correlates directly with division of power in society by delineating the physical and emotional interactions between both Frankenstein and the monster throughout the novel. At the start of the book, Shelley depicts Doctor Victor Frankenstein as a human figure who is able to control his creation’s future. However, as time passes, Frankenstein becomes increasingly inhumane and his sanity is threatened along with his ability to dominate the monster’s life. As Frankenstein is losing his sense of humanity and control, the monster is gaining both. Though he starts off a powerless, unrefined brute, as the novel progresses the creature adopts a few human tendencies and gradually gains the ability to control his own creator’s future with his actions. Thus throughout the novel it becomes clear, when each character is in their most human state, they hold the most power over the other. During the two characters’ initial encounter with each other, Shelley depicts Frankenstein as having complete power over the monster’s future. The night Frankenstein â€Å"[beholds] the accomplishment of [his] toils† (43), he describes the moments leading up to the monster’s birth: â€Å"†¦ I collected the instruments of life around me, that I might infuse a spark of being into the lifeless thing that lay at my feet† (43). This single line demonstrates the ultimate power Frankenstein has over his creation at that point in time. He alone has the ability to instill life into the inanimate creature lying before him. In addition, Frankenstein’s elevated cognitive capability, which he has because he is human, allows him to create the monster in the first place. His ability to read, understand, process, and apply knowledge he has learned in the past, as well his capacity to experience emotions such as desire and attachment puts him at a great advantage over the monster who, initially, could not â€Å"learn to distinguish between the operations of [his] various senses† (90). Because Frankenstein is human and has the power of knowledge, he is able to create the monster as well as decide whether it lives or not. Though he has the ability to bring his creature to life, Frankenstein’s unchallenged dominance over his creation is immediately threatened once the monster awakens. As soon as the creature opens his eyes, Frankenstein describes his feelings about the atrocious being. â€Å"I had worked hard for nearly two years, for the sole purpose of infusing life into an inanimate body†(43), he recounts. This instant reaction of abhorrence to the newly living ‘thing’ demonstrates that the monster does have influence on Frankenstein’s emotions and, thus, a minor form of control over the doctor’s being. Though the monster begins to leave an imprint on Frankenstein, it is still evident that Frankenstein has a decisive role on how the monster grows and functions in the world. As the creator, Frankenstein is theoretically obliged to â€Å"owe [the monster] all the portion of happiness that [is] in [his] power to bestow† (135), but he does not fulfill that obligation. Instead, he begins his relationship with the brute with no affection. After dismissing the creature with absolute horror, Frankenstein flees his home trying â€Å"to avoid the wretch whom [he] fear[s] every turning of the street would present† (45). When he eventually returns home, his ‘apartment [is] empty and [his] bedroom [is] also freed from its hideous guest† (45). The actions Frankenstein takes by trying to stay away from his creation demonstrate the hate and lack of humanity he has for the creature. This directly influences the way the monster begins his life in the real world. Had Frankenstein taken care of his ‘child’, the monster may have become acclimatized with society instead of living as a â€Å"hideous monster† (131) or a â€Å"filthy mass that moved and talked† (136). After the monster is abandoned by his creator, he is left to fend for himself. As he adopts human tendencies such as learning to discern his emotions and developing the ability to speak the human language, French, he learns to live life on his own. Not only do the monster’s new-found emotions and ability to communicate make him capable of living alone, but the progression of his rational thinking process also demonstrates his humanness and competence. Before introducing himself to De Lacey’s family, he first thinks of the consequences of an illiterate, dumb monster. â€Å"Although I eagerly longed to discover myself to the cottagers, I ought not to make the attempt until I had first become a master of their language† (101), the monster recounts. This notion of a rational thinking process is unique to humans and necessary to a happy survival. The monster’s new found capabilities prove he can live without his creator and thus, while the monster gains control over his own life, Frankenstein further loses his ability to control the creature, as he is no longer needed for the monster to live. When the monster, fueled by his recently acquired ability to seek revenge, strangles William, Frankenstein’s sanity and humanity begins to crumble and his power over the monster disappears. Frankenstein’s controlled nature deteriorates when he has a gut feeling it is the monster who killed William rather than Justine, as â€Å"nothing in a human shape could have destroyed that fair child† (63). He cannot tell anyone the truth because no one else knows of Frankenstein’s experiment and he is afraid they will think him a mad man. This inability to share his thoughts and feelings causes him to go into a guilty frenzy because he blames the deaths on himself: â€Å"Thus spoke my prophetic soul, as, torn by remorse, horror and despair, I beheld those I loved spend vain sorrow upon the graves of William and Justine, the first hapless victims to my unhallowed arts† (119). This line captures the vulnerability Frankenstein experiences as well as the immense control the monster is gaining over Frankenstein’s emotions. By killing a single person, Shelley shows that the monster is able to distort both Frankenstein’s mental well-being and cause him to go into a mild, inhumane frenzy. As the story progresses, Shelley depicts the gradual deterioration of Frankenstein’s health and loss of power over his creation. The doctor loses complete influence over his monster after he refuses to make a female version of the brute. Before this point, Frankenstein still kept a sliver of control over the creature’s future because if he created the female, the monster would â€Å"go to the vast wilds of South America† and neither Frankenstein â€Å"nor any other human being shall see [them] again† (135). Once Frankenstein destroys his plans for the partner, however, the monster launches into a fit of rage: â€Å"Remember that I have power; you believe yourself miserable, but I can make you so wretched that the light of day will be hateful to you. You are my creator, but I am your master; obey!† (157). It is here that the monster’s fury fueled words illustrate the true nature of the relationship between the creature and his creator; that though Frankenstein initially had the ability to create the monster, the monster grew to be aware of his own superiority. He realized that his physical stature, along with his acquired human-like mental strength, allowed him to control both his own and Frankenstein’s ability to be happy and healthy. Once the monster takes away all of Frankenstein’s happiness by murdering the doctor’s loved ones, Frankenstein loses complete control over himself, becomes entirely inhumane, vowing to murder the monster. The doctor looses all sense of rational thinking and revenge is the only desire that keeps Frankenstein alive throughout the last pages of the novel. He â€Å"dared not die and leave his adversary in being† (192). This notion of solely living for another being establishes the fact that the monster does in fact have ultimate domination over all of his creator’s feelings and actions. As the monster, throughout the duration of the novel, has gained the ability to understand, process, and apply knowledge, he realizes he is the only aspect of his creator’s life that Frankenstein is living for. Thus, the monster has the option to keep Frankenstein alive by leaving a path of bread crumbs for his creator or to let him die with no trace of his creation. Hence, the novel comes full circle. At the start of the book, Frankenstein has the ultimate decision to give life to his creature or to leave him as a jumble of body parts. However by the end, the characters reverse the dominance in the relationship, and it becomes clear that the creature has the ability to keep his creator alive or leave him for death. By detailing the deterioration of Frankenstein’s humanity, while showing the monster’s acquisition of human characteristics, Shelley is able to demonstrate how being human allows for one to have power over another. Being able to rationally process and comprehend information, as well as reason with certain ideas, are unique qualities we as humans possess that put us at an advantage over other species and ultimately put the monster dominance over Frankenstein.

Forrest Gump Review Essay Example

Forrest Gump Review Essay Example Forrest Gump Review Paper Forrest Gump Review Paper Forrest Gump Review In the historically fictional film, Forrest Gump, underlying themes arise through the life story of an innocent soul. Critics describe the film to be a magical story of a hero, while other critics describe the film to be idiotic and insulting. Although critics downplay on the way the Gump’s story is told, I believe that the underlying messages of the story itself should be the main focus. Critics overlook the overall messages of the film, yet these messages are of great importance to the viewer. Themes brought out by Forrest Gump include (and are not limited to) love, history, and life itself and it is essential for the viewer to capture these messages because every viewer can relate to Gump in one way or another. After the underlying messages have been evaluated, then shall the evaluation occur of whether the actors and directors of the film have done their job of relaying their message to the viewer. The story of Forrest Gump begins with a mother’s unconditional love for her son. Being the mother of a handicap and mentally retarded child, Forrest Gump’s mother proves her motherly love by going out of her way to give Gump everything she could as a mother. Right then and there, the theme of love is exemplified. As the story progresses, love is again demonstrated through Gump’s relationship with Jenny, yet in a different way. Gump’s first encounter with Jenny was an innocent love – a love she had towards Gump as a person, and not necessarily a lover just yet. : After growing up and going their separate ways, they both eventually find their ways back to each other, and this time a lover’s type of love took place. Later on in the film, Gump finds another type of love – a love for his own child. Through many instances in the story, love is illustrated through Forrest Gump himself and as well as through Gump’s family, relationships, and even through the love of doing what he wanted/felt. According to the critic Hal Hinson from the Washington Post, he believes that Gump’s â€Å"existence is almost completely dictated by happenstance and dumb luck. I completely disagree. Through the entire film, love is an underlying theme and I believe that Forrest Gump’s existence is dictated not by happenstance and dumb luck, but indeed love. Throughout the film, historical figures and events manifest their way into Gump’s story. Figures such as Elvis Presley and John F. Kennedy make their appearance in the film as we ll as events such as the Vietnam War and the Woodstock era. Although the directors of the film twist the truth on how history came about in the film, the theme of history remains underlined. Even the theme of history is a combination of many themes in itself and critic Stuart Klawans from The Nation names â€Å"war, racism, child abuse, poverty, political murder, death by aids† as a few subjects to fit under that umbrella. Hal Hinson, critic from the Washington Post, believes that these historical figures and events occurring in the film are â€Å"just there, dropped in to mark the passage of time†¦Ã¢â‚¬  However, I believe Forrest Gump, as a character in the film, is used as a tool to touch on these touchy subjects. In reality, these subjects are taken very seriously, and I believe Gump is used as a tool in the film to expose to the viewer these subjects in a form of comic relief. I agree with Aeon J. Skoble, critic from The Freeman, who mentions that the film â€Å"strikes the right balance between serious drama and light comedy. † With every serious event in the movie, Forrest Gump provides an ease to the film’s reality, and even an ease to the viewer’s reality of history. Every viewer is affected by the history of America, and that is why the theme of history is vital in the film. Life is such an important theme through the entire film. The story itself is about one’s entire life. The romance in the film relates to life. Historical figures and events relate to life. And because life is an underlying theme in the film, even the viewers’ lives relate to the story. The infamous quote from this very film – â€Å"life is a box of chocolates; you never know what you’re going to get† – obviously relates back to life. Life as a theme in the story is so important because life in reality is important to not only the viewer, but also to everyone. To put it in a simple way – that’s life. Three themes underlined throughout the film include love, history, and life. Although those are the only three mentioned, there are plenty more themes incorporated in the film. Now, the question of whether the directors and actors did their job in relaying the message back to the viewer has occurred. I believe that they did their job, and they did it well. As a drama/romance story with a twist of American history, I believe that the underlined messages were clear to the viewer. Critic, Robert Ebert, says â€Å"the movie is ingenious in taking Forrest on his tour of recent American history† and I completely agree. They did a good job in using Gump as a tool to touch on those touchy subjects, as Tom Hanks â€Å"may be the only actor who could have played that role. † They did an exceptional job because if the viewer cannot relate to one thing, he/she is able to relate to another thing in the film – whether it is regarding romance, family, friends, popular culture, etc. With that being said, Forrest Gump is an outstanding film that uses the main character as a tool to underline significant life-meaning messages for the viewer to easily capture yet remaining entertained.

“Solutions to the Crime Problem in the United States” Essays

â€Å"Solutions to the Crime Problem in the United States† Essays â€Å"Solutions to the Crime Problem in the United States† Essay â€Å"Solutions to the Crime Problem in the United States† Essay Slavery had been practiced since the 18th century. During those times, blacks in the United States have been slaves in the tobacco plantations and some large farms. Labor-intensive cultivation in the tobacco farms had been experienced by Africans and any some other nationalities around the world. Nowadays, slavery is still exercised by some parts of the United States of America but it is not as intense as that of the slavery felt in the 18th century. The reason behind the decrease of slavery during this time is that slavery had been proclaimed illegal by the law.As defined by majority, slavery is a social-economic system wherein certain persons are being depressed of their freedom as persons and are required to perform labor and services. The crime control policy I am proposing for slavery should start from considering the thought that no man was born a slave. Moreover, slavery should be solved by proposing a sensible law prohibiting the act of slavery to ever y man living on earth may he be of different race and sex. The law should include personal freedom and will have the right to refuse to do labor or any act of service to other people. This law should be called the Anti-Slavery Act which should be supported from individual person to groups for proper implementation.From the point of view of the Classical Conservative, the crime control policy that was proposed for a solution to slavery could be battled over by the people who are behind the ideological positions. It is the nature of a Classical Conservative to preserve and to guard their established culture. Classical Conservative is a term describing the philosophy of politics which greatly support the values that are traditional to a certain group of people called â€Å"conservatives†. They have a strong principle that should keep guard their tradition which includes beliefs and customs. Other traditions include religious and cultural. Many groups of people in the earlier cen turies had considered slavery as part of their tradition. Moreover, it was carried until today’s centuries but it is only considered minimal since other cultures have already adopted foreign cultures. So to support the proposed crime control policy to solve slavery will have a very low appeal to the Classical Conservative type of people. If according to the background of the Classical Conservative people is considered, approximately, 20-30 percent of the people will say yes to the proposed crime policy.The definition of a crime for the Classical School of thought in criminology is defined by the legal code which means that there is crime without the law. This means that the point of view from the Classical School of thought will be somewhat similar to that of the Classical Conservative.Classical LiberalismChild abuse is defined as the maltreatment of the parents or guardians to a child in terms of physical sexual or emotional. Some causes of child abuse lies on the hands of t he abusers. Some of the abusers were victims of child abuse during their childhood days. Personality disorder of a person or mental disabilities can also cause a person to abuse a child. Extraordinary stresses undergone by parents can also be a factor of child abuse. Poverty, sickness or drug and alcohol abuse of parents had also played a role for the child to be abused.The crime control policy for the child abuse to be solved will start from the family and community level. Parents or guardians are required to attend seminars and symposiums regarding the prevention of child abuse. Family support programs could also be given to the families particularly the parents to prevent them from abusing their children when stress and problems occur in the family. Education and information for parents regarding the cause, effect and impacts of child abuse could also be acquired by parents in the community level.From the point of view of a classical liberalist, crime control policy for the solut ion of child abuses it will not be totally supported. The principles that govern classical liberalism state that it is very important for a classical liberalist to exercise individual freedom from restraint. Child abuse in the classical school of thought is perceived to not being a crime since in the earlier times; child abuse is mistaken to be called as a disciplinary action of a parent to his child. It is a normal trend for parents to abuse their children because of the lack of information for them to learn the cause, effect and impacts of child abuse to their family especially to the abused children.Social DemocracyChild abduction in the United States of America had been a problem but the Federal Bureau of Investigation had worked hard to eliminate this problem. Usually, kidnapping is done because of the ransom money asked by the kidnappers from the parents of the children being kidnapped. But with the efforts of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, nowadays, kidnapping for ranso m is already non-existent in the United States.Crime control policy would basically will involve the parents and the children or the family as a whole. The policy should contain such actions that the children know the basic information about them. The parents should always teach their children their complete name, the telephone number of the house, the telephone number of the emergency hotline and the address where they live. This basic information will help the children a lot to prevent them or save them if ever kidnapping will happen. Educating the children of not trusting everybody else especially the strangers when they are outside their houses should also be contained in the crime control policy. Talking to strangers should also be informed to the children that this may cause them to be abducted if ever. Children, when going out should always have a friend or an elder with them to prevent the cases of child abduction. Pointing out to children the safety places where they could go when they are in trouble should also be emphasized by parents to their children. Safety houses include houses of your neighborhood, the police station nearest friends’ houses. Child education about the causes and effects of child abduction the soonest possible time could greatly help to protect the safety of the children inside and outside homes. Knowledge of parents such as knowing the criminal background of their baby sitter is a very essential factor to consider in child safety.From the point of view of a social democrat, the crime policy above could be appealing. But according to the characteristics of the positivist in the school of thought, it is not possible for them not to support the crime control policy. The reason basically is they only call an action such a crime if it is based on a scientific explanation. A social democrat could consider the crime control policy because one of the characteristics of a social democrat is that if crime is low in a certain area, there are possibilities the increase in capitalism will be evident. It is not likely to a negative feedback of the crime control policy from the social democrats since the safety of the community they are living is a priority for them to gain from their investments and businesses.Egalitarian-SocialistThe fourth ideological position which is egalitarianism is defined as the equality in justice should be practiced among all kinds of people whatever the race and gender. More often than not, the crime control policy for the prevention of child abduction will be acceptable to the egalitarian people. This is because they are in favor of the fact that every man should be held equal under the law, the church and the right as a human being irregardless of the human race or ethnicity. Child abduction is considered a crime for most of the people supporting the egalitarian point of view. They define crime basing on international laws and human rights.The critical school of thought would also co nsider child abduction as a crime as with the view of the egalitarianists. The crime control policy would also be supported and will be approved by them because of the critical thinking that crimes committed should always deserve a corresponding punishment.

Finance and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Finance and Management - Essay Example Product cost involves the determination of the cost incurred in the manufacturing of goods or provision of services. Manufacturing organizations, just as Worplestrop Partnership has to determine their products costs for two reasons. First is for decision-making and for the reason of external reporting. In manufacturing their products, Worplestrop Partnership would incur material costs, labor costs and other overhead costs that are associated with the manufacturing of the products (Hansen, Mowen & Guan, 2009). In determining the product cots for decision purposes, an organization will only use relevant costs to arrive at the cost of a product. This form of costing method is referred to as direct costing method. In this case, only the variable costs will be included since they are the ones that can influence the management decisions. Management has control on the costs and can formulate and implement decisions that can reduce the cost elements and increase the returns of the company (B aginski & Hassell, 2003). On the other hand, Worplestrop Partnership has to determine the product costs for the purposes of external reporting. Here product costs are determined to help arrive at the best price to charge for the manufactured products. All the costs that are incurred by the company including the overhead costs and other fixed costs are apportioned in order to charge them on the consumers’ of the manufacturing company’s products. This form of costing is referred to as absorption costing or total costing in which all costs direct and indirect, sunk, and future costs are used in settling at the selling price of the products. Absorption costing has the advantage of considering all the costs incurred by the business since even the fixed costs are incurred for the purposes of manufacturing (2002). Worplestrop Partnership should therefore calculate the product costs using the two approaches for the realization of the two different objectives i.e. management us e and external decisions. for the purpose of setting the product prices, Worplestrop should use absorption costing because it incorporates all the costs incurred by the business hence elaborate. Apart from the two costing methods, Worplestrop partnership could also use the activity based costing method or throughput method. In activity-based method, the organization will charge the overhead costs to the departments depending on the level of activity and the cost drivers. Here, Worplestrop would determine all the activity that increase the costs and determine the factors that increases the costs of the activities. From there, the management will allocate the overhead costs to the centers. This method will make managers control the costs and eliminate the unnecessary activities that do not add value to the business hence increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the business (Hansen, Mowen & Guan, 2009). The method has widely been used by many organizations despite the fact that it is complex. The last accounting method is the throughput method in which the product price is determined by adding only the material costs used in the manufacturing of the products. All the other costs are expensed and are not included in the calculation of the final price. This method is easy to simple to use. However, the method is not recommended by the generally accepted accounting principles and should therefore not be employed. This

Defending the minimum drinking age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Defending the minimum drinking age - Essay Example who had served as a president in a college previously. McCardell formed an organization named Choose Responsibility in the year 2006 but this organization and his efforts gained fame mainly in the year 2008. McCardell pushed for the fact that the age of drinking should be reduced to 18 and he claimed that this would provide for far more benefits than the existing law (Cloud 2008). McCardell’s stand has been opposed by many health professionals as well as community welfare organizations that support the society of Mothers against Drunk Driving and they uphold the advantages that this existing law has brought forward with the assistance of different researches and statistics (Dean-Mooney 2008). The legal age of drinking which is 21 years of age has been indicated to be one of the best policies of the United States of America owing to its success and the subsequent reduction in the car crashes as well as the reduction of deaths and other negative effects due to excessive consumpt ion of alcohol. The age of legal drinking which is set to 21 years of age has been supported by health experts. The issue of teen drinking has been a part of the society of the United States since the nineteenth century and this problem has been linked with social as well as health issues amongst the teenagers. It hampers the normal development of an individual if started at an early age and results in problems of the nervous system. The years of teenage are important owing to the fact that these years are essential for the proper development of the nervous tissue and in particular the brain. The consumption of alcohol in these years results in alteration of the normal cells of various parts of the brain which include the forebrain and the hippocampus. This affect results in altering the normal memory of these teenagers and their performance in studies decreases. Their ability of coordination and