Policy Anylsis The Solution For The Policy Problems - 275 Words

Policy Anylsis: The Solution For The Policy Problems (Essay Sample) Content: Policy analysisStudents nameInstitutional AffiliationIntroductionIn the field of policy analysis, several influential structures acknowledges that the primary role of policy ideas is as significant as the role of those actors in analyzing as well as understanding the policy as well as the changes in the policies. An important aspect of the key principal interest in analyzing the body of policy revolves around the existing interaction between the actors and ideas. The definition of policy is independent of that of given domain, and hence, a policy may either be applied to or incorporated to describe a domain (Dunn, 2004). Hence, according to Dunn (2004), the policy is induced to influence a change within a given problematic situation or to influence the process of change and those who are managed or those who are concerned. Therefore, in this paper will concentrate on policy analysis by analyzing a speech by Theresa May M.P. Through the policy analysis, the paper will concentrate on extracting the policy problems, make a comparison with previous policies, if available, and identify if there are any policy silence from the extract. Then later; the paper will draw a conclusion on the same.Discourse policyThe context of the speech that was given by Theresa is concerned about making the society a place where each person is treated fairly and every person has an opportunity to engage him or herself in any activity that will lead him or her to success. Notably, the context revolve mainly to the equality of education to the people. Though difficult, several measures are raised to oversee this problem.The text is a section of a speech that was given by Theresa May a member of parliament on 9 September, this year, 2016. The speech delivered by Theresa outlines her vision to make Britain be the bests world great meritocracy; a country where each person will have a fair opportunity to proceed as much as they would want in line with their ability (Theresa, 9 September 2016). This forms the basis of our policy problem. The speech also revealed that she wanted or desired a nation that each individual was treated fairly; and where ordinary, working class individual had the ability to control their lives and have the opportunity to share fairly in the existing prosperity in their country. Here, I will present the details of the overall speech given, and commence on a discourse analysis for the purpose of identifying dominant policy ideas as well as themes and assess how they both work to restructure or shape reforms presented by Theresa. As the paper will argue, there are at least two separate but interrelated ideologies at work in the text or in the speech delivered; that is neoconservatism and neoliberalism.Previous policy underneath educationFrom previous policies, the current suggested policy differs greatly in terms ensuring the success of the states through efficient education for all (Studies in Poverty Inequality Institute, 2007). Firstly, there is an assumption that the nation of Britain does not offer equal opportunities for all its citizens and as such, there is a need for reforms. Theresa states that she wanted a country that would turn out to be the great meritocracy of the world; a nation where each person will be treated fairly and will be allowed to go, as far they want in line with their talent as well as hard work. She want a nation where each person played by the same rule; where an ordinary, working person will more control over his or her life and the opportunity to share equally the success of the nation (Theresa, 9 September 2016). Yes, this is ambitious. However, honestly, in todays world, we all have to be ambitious. We have to proceed on with it, and there is no other time allowed for us to lose (Adams, 2014).It is not common for policy to prompt an urgent need for reform. Dunn (2004) denote that policy is a concept of enlightenment; it is about the progress; it is about moving from the ina dequacies of the current circumstances to some prevalent future state that is full of perfection where all things work in the perfect way as they are supposed to (Adams, 2014). Fair treatment and the opportunity to resources is a central factor, and as such, it is vital to the future of the Economy of our country, and for the future of each person in Britain. It is significant to highlight as it demonstrates the way that the text is aligning to the issue of fair treatment and equal opportunity, and the pressures for the survival created by the economy. However, most politicians argue that is promising in that to turn Britain into a great meritocracy nation, then we as a state must move beyond the set agendas and deliver the actual social reforms or changes across every aspect of the society so that those the system plans to miss would currently miss are given the assistance they require. The reforms policy prescribed by Theresa, in which, this paper will argue later, comprise of bot h neoconservative and neoliberal reforms.It is important to notice also the use of pronouns like we and our. They are strategies incorporated in policy texts to comprise the reader as well as to create a sense of common purpose and that of consensus. Notably, pronouns can as well be incorporated to incorporate some individuals as it excludes others. For instance, there is the constructing an us and them relationship within a policy. In the text, Theresa is referring to we to symbolize the citizens of Britain who need to rise and induced the change that will benefit them.Hence, the speech is constructing an image of a political system that is key or crucial to the success and prosperity of the nation and all of its citizens, yet a nation that needs to undergo the process of reforms. What are the policy problems, then? What do the people of Britain require to undergo reforms? What are the different kinds of reforms required? To answer and validate the solution to these questions, we n eed to identify the dominant discourse as well as themes in the text, and afterward, interrogate how they both relate and coherent the broader political ideologies or philosophies. Importantly, discourses do not simply reflect social reality; they help to constitute it.First, the paper has identified a dissertation of selfishness as well as a dissertation of competitiveness. We have to be more ambitious to fit in this competitive world. We need to strategize when other states such the United States of America are going through a recovery of ethical repairs and have to treat each other equally, despite their gender. Where the Muslim culture has begun treating women with dignity despite their ancient cultures; and when the entire world is focusing on finding ways to which, it will ensure their citizens are sustainable in their lives despite the changing world technologies (Dunn, 2004). The apparent pressure of globalization in line to remain globally competitive, are constructed as ce ntral policy problems. Other nations have strategies new ways that will ensure equal opportunities for everyone. Failure to compete with other nations in this changing technology, then it will be fatal to our economic projections. Equal opportunities and fair treatment for all citizens, and therefore the government and its ministries, will not only have a problem, or be turned into a problem in need of a solution; they are being positioned as the main propellers in ensuring that every person in the nation remains economically advantaged. In other words, every person will see to it that he or she is treated fairly has is exposed to various opportunities available with the economy.The solution for the policy problemsNow, we can consider the policy solutions proposed in the text. These policies will eventually solve the problems presented in the texts very strongly. Consider the following extracts by Theresa: that this was the change the Nation need. It will simply mean altering some o f the philosophy underpinnings of how the government acts and thinks. This will mean recalibrating how the government and policy makers approach the policy development and ensure that everything they do as the proprietors of education will lead to a fair treatment and opportunity for all. We can now look at the policy solutions proposed in the text. These solutions are apparently going to tackle educational equality very strongly (Theresa, 9 September 2016). Al of these will work.Therefore, we are doing three very bold things. First, ramping up the standards and bringing back the values of a good education. Second, changing the policies of education and allow new providers in to start schools, providing more choice, more competition, and giving schools greater independence (Nilsen, 2001). Lastly, we are confronting educational equality strongly. There exist two interrelated thoughts at play in the policy in solving these problems, both of which are significant in the recent history of educational equality for all individuals, which I looked at earlier.Firstly, there is a neo-liberal ideology articulated through dominant policy discourses like standards, diversification or marketization school choice, school autonomy, as well as competition. Neo-liberalism in educational reform, according to Stern (2014), simply means introducing the kind of competition, which makes a private business successful. Equality in education becomes a commodity, which can be bought and sold. Schools are the providers, whereas, the parents and children are the consumers. This is one aspect of equality in education, and that is the interpret...

Cloning Antibody Cells CD34, CD45, CD73, CD90 and CD105 - Free Essay Example

Human cloning is a widely controversial topic to people who do not fully understand the science behind cloning as most people have an ethical issue with cloning a human. While it is called human cloning it is not the process of completely cloning a full body human. Cloning for medical purposes includes being able to clone fully functional stem cells that are used to build, maintain and repair the human body throughout our entire lives. It is even possible for these cloned stem cells to be used to create whole organs for people who are in need. Normally there is a few issues that would arise when transplanting stem cells into another person because they can be seen as foreign entities by the human body. Human cloning provides the means to create exact copies of peoples stem cells essentially removing the issues that would arise when the body detects the stem cells as foreign. Cloning also could help with the discovery and modeling of diseases from animals that have been cloned for the purpose of disease discovery. The process of human cloning is performed by the use of somatic cell nuclear transfer(SCNT). This is the same process that was used to create Dolly the sheep. SCNT begins when an egg is taken from a female donor and its nucleus is removed leaving a enucleated egg. A cell is then taken from the person who is being cloned and fused with the enucleated egg through use of electricity. These are only two ways t hat human cloning would be beneficial to the the medical field there are a plethora of cells that human cloning can help be beneficial with. A few major cells that will be discussed during this research report are the antibody cells CD34, CD45, CD73, CD90 and CD105. CD34 is a type 1 transmembrane glyco phospho protein expressed by hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, vascular endothelium and some fibroblasts. CD34 expression has been used as the hallmark used to identify hematopoietic stem cells for quite a few years. CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells have been used for years due their ability to expand and differentiate into all the lymphohematopoietic lineages upon cytokine or growth factor factor simulation and lose CD34 expression upon differentiation. There has been recent laboratory studies performed that show there is a conflict with the convention of the CD34 antibody. CD34s extracellular domain has been shown to be homologous to that of CD43. CD43 is a protein involved in cell-cell adhesion, and CD34 has been shown to function as a negative regulator of cell adhesion. CD34 was found to associate with CrkL, but not Crkll, and is a substrate for PKC, and the activation of PKC is coupled with the surface expression of CD34. The anti-CD45 cell is a type 1 transmembrane that consists of two intracellular phosphatase domains, a transmembrane domain and an extracellular domain. The intracellular domain of this cell consists of two domains. Only one of these two domains has intrinsic kinase activity. However, both of these domains are required for appropriate phosphate activity. The extracellular domain of CD45 contains three membrane proximal fibronectin type II repeats, a cysteine rich region and the variable N-terminal region. CD45 has many functions such as in T cells, CD45 dephosphorylates the tyrosine kinase Lck a residue Y505, as a part of TCR activation signaling cascade. This activation signaling ultimately this leads to increased cytokine production and proliferation of T cells. CD45 was originally known as the common leukocyte antigen. .CD45 is a receptor linked protein tyrosine phosphatase present in cells of the hematopoietic lineage except erythrocytes and plasma cells. The basis of this infor mation was found in a study published to the Journal of Experimental Medicine. A study in the Journal of Cell Biology explains the functions and makeup of the cell CD73 is otherwise known as ecto-5-nucleotidase, a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-linked 70-kD molecule expressed on different cell times. These cell types include vascular endothelial cells(EC). As well as certain subtypes of lymphocytes cells. There is evidence showing that CD73 plays a role in several immunological phenomena, such as lymphocyte activation, proliferation, and adhesion to endothelium, but the physiological role of CD73 is less clear in other cell types. From studies of the structure and function of CD73 on lymphocytes and EC, CD73 molecules on lymphocytes have shown to shed from the cell surface consequently of triggering with an antiCD73 mAb, mimicking ligand binding. The triggering of endothelial CD73 has been shown to not have any effect on its expression. The Lymphocyte CD73 is susceptible to phosphatidylinositol, whereas CD73 on EC only a small portion could actually be removed b y this enzyme. This study also showed that CD73 on EC is unable to deliver a tyrosine phosphorylation inducing a signal upon the triggering of mAb. Whereas it was seen that CD73 on lymphocyte can indeed induce tyrosine phosphorylation. Despite these two differences they are essentially identical structurally to each other when studied at the protein,mRNA, and cDNA level. The next antibody cell discussed is CD90 which is also known as Thy-1 according to a study in the Journal of Immunology. CD90 is a small GPI-anchored protein that is abundant particularly on the surface of mouse thymocytes and peripheral T-cells. The proliferation of t-cells and synthesis of cytokine in response to Thy-1 cross-linked by specific mAb suggests a role for Thy-1 in mouse T lymphocyte activation. Cross-linking of Thy-1 in the context of strong costimulatory signaling through CD28, results in an activation signal that can partially substitute for TCR signaling during mouse T-cell activation. Thy-1 has been conserved through the entirety of evolution thus far suggesting that it plays an important function. The core protein of Thy-1 in rodents consists of 111 or 112 aa, and is N-glycosylated at three sites. While the human Thy-1 contains only two glycosylation sites.Thy-1 is a heavily glycosylated membrane protein with a carbohydrate content of up to 30%.Thy-1 is known to be present on brain cells and fibroblasts of all species studied thus far. In a mouse Thy-1 was also found on a variety of other cells including thymocytes, peripheral T-cells, myoblasts, epidermal cells, and keratinocytes. In humans, Thy-1 is also expressed by endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, a subset of CD34+ bone marrow cells, and umbilical cord blood. All of these cells were used in a study involving distinct features of rabbit and human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells with implications for biotechnology and translational research. The aim of this study was to comparatively characterize rabbit ASCs(rASCs) and hASCs(human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells) to further uses in biotechnology and translation studies. The study used rabbits for their research as they are widely used as experimental models for both human and veterinary medicine due to their ease to work with. The rabbits share many similarities with human making them useful for multiple applications in biotechnology and translational medicine from basic research to preclinical studies, such as fertilization in vitro, embryonic development and organogenesis, immunology, toxicology, neurophysiology, ophthalmology, and cardiology. The study performed flow cytometry in second passage rASCs and hASCs for detection of surface antigenic markers CD34, CD45, CD73, CD9 0, and CD105. White blood cell fractions were used as positive controls for CD34 and CD45. Negative control staining was performed by using fluorophore-conjugated mouse IgG isotype antibodies. The flow cytometry analysis showed that rASCs and hASCs were absent of hematopoietic markers CD34 and CD45. The analysis also showed that rASCs and hASCs were positive to CD105, CD73, and CD90. Expression of CD73 and CD90 were seen to be significantly lower in rabbit cells than in comparison to human cells. The proliferative profile showed that rASCs had a higher threefold potential to form fibroblastic colonies in vitro compared to hASCs. CFU assay showed rASCs were able to generate colonies with five cells or more, while hASCs struggles to generate colonies with only five cells. The colonie sizes of the rabbits were also seen to be significantly higher in rabbits compared to humans. rASCs were found to have a greater proliferative potential in vitro than that of hASCs as rASCs maintain their nuclear stability better in vitro. rASCs and hASCs were also observed to have low frequency of errors in vivo. The discovery that rASCs have higher proliferation profiles in vitro can be a great thing to the process of cloning as they are also great at achieving a high number of cells in a short amount of time. Leaving the rASCs to be greatly desired in cell-based therapy studies. Such as preclinical studies where MSC transplantation in tissue engineering would often require millions to billions of cells.The rASCs would be able to achieve these numbers at the greatest pace we have seen thus far. While this might be a breakthrough for cell-based therapy biotechnology studies have suggested that a faster proliferation could be potentially detrimental to reprogramming a cell(). So the question we must answer now is if rASCs should be left purly to cell-based therapy studies where they will seemingly thrive or if they have their place in biotechnology studies. The question we must be asking now is if higher proliferation rates is so detrimental is there any way the rASCs proliferation rate could be lower to a seemingly safer rate making it a more effective means of reprogramming DNA. If we were able to find a way to do this properly the rASC could be used for countless amounts of studies and clinical trials furthering our knowledge of DNA and diseases.